回声问echo question的研究

摘 要 回声问（echo question）是言语交际中特殊而有趣的现象，指重复前一个说话人已经说过的全部或部分内容的话语，在汉语这种表意文字中更是这样。由于回声问是将别人的话语引入自己的话语中，并表达自己对该话语的态度，因此，它实际是一种元语言（mealanguage[微软用户1] ）用法。

回声成分可以是词、短语、句子等形式，看似非常简单的重复，但[微软用户2] 其构成形式及其所表达的语义和语用功能远比一个常规疑问句或一个陈述句要复杂得多。本研究的理论基础是Verschueren的 “[微软用户3] 顺应论”。

在此基础上，本文分别从语音、语法和语义三方面对回声问进行细致描述，指出回声问的产生和理解是顺应的实现，同时分析回声问产生和理解的过程，并找出其生成和理解的依据，即顺应性。用顺应论试图分析回声问的生成与理解，我们认为，回声问的生成和理解是顺应的结果。

[微软用户4] 本文共分五章，主要内容如下：第一章“引言”。介绍本文的选题理据，研究目的、分析方法和结构布局。

本文语料主要来自国内戏剧、小品以及前人研究的实例，如《雷雨》、《日出》、《原野》、《北京人》和《马季相声集》等。第二章“文献综述”。

首先对本文研究的回声问予以界定和分类，然后回顾国内外有关回声问的研究成果，重点分析这些研究的不足之处，最后简要讨论回声问和普通疑问句的关系。[微软用户5] 第三章“理论框架”。

简单介绍“顺应论”的基本概念，总结提出人们在输出和理解回声问时的基本模式,即对心理因素、社交因素或物理因素等因素的顺应。第四章“回声问的产出和理解”,[微软用户6] 重点讨论回声问的特点。

从语音、语法和语义三方面对回声问进行细致描述，其中语义可分为言语本身的意义和其语用含义，本研究重点讨论回声问的语用功能，如回声问者一般是在什么情况下回声问，以及其回声问的目的是反诘、讽刺还是其他，同时讨论听者应该注意的问题。并指出回声问的产生和理解是顺应的实现，另佐以丰富的语料论证。

[微软用户7] 第五章为“结语”。总结全文内容，归纳本文贡献，并指出本研究的不完善之处以供将来研究。

关键词：回声问；顺应论；音；形；义AbstractEcho questions, a special and interesting phenomenon, refer to the repetition of some parts or the whole of the previous utterances, especially in Chinese. In fact, the use of echo questions is a kind of mealanguage. Because what the speaker utteres is cited from others’ utterances. At the same time, the speaker shows his or her attitude. The echoed institutes can be words, phrases or sentences. The repetition seems to be very easy, whereas the structure and the function are much more complicated than those of ordinary interrogatives and statements.The research is based on Verschueren’s Adaptation Theory. This paper discusses echo questions in detail from the following three main aspects: sound, form and meaning. We think that the production and interpretation of echo questions are the realization of adaptation. In the meanwhile, we analyze the process and find out the mechanism, that is, adaptability. This paper tries to analyze the production and interpretation of the echo question within Adaptation Theory. At last, we find that the adaptability results in the production and interpretation of the echo question.This paper consists of the following five chapters,Chapter one makes an introduction to the whole paper, offering the reason for the present study, putting forward the necessity and rationality of the study, explaining the layout of the study.Chapter two is an overview by first distinguishing and classifying the echo question. Then we focus on the previous researches on the echo question, with special attention being paid to the weak points. At last we talk about the relationship between the echo question and ordinary interrogatives.Chapter three is centered on theoretical framework. We propose a new theory frame (the production and interpretation model of echo question) based on the Adaptation Theory.Chapter four mainly deals with the production and interpretation of echo questions, with special emphasis on three kinds of features: the phonetic and the syntactic features as well as pragmatic features. Echo questions are often used to obtain confirmation or seek more information from the hearer. Besides, they can express the speaker’s surprise, incredulity, retort, dissatisfaction and irony. Thus we put our focus on pragmatic features illustrated by a large number of examples. Chapter five draws a conclusion and points out the limitations of the study in this thesis and the direction of further research on this topic.Key words: echo questions; the Adaptation Theory; sound; form; meaning隐喻理论在汉语花喻中的研究

矛盾修辞理论的解释和探讨