动物宇航员:太空旅行的无名英雄

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翻新时间：2023-07-14

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动物宇航员:太空旅行的无名英雄

Monkeys On June 14th, 1949, Albert II became the first monkey in space when he reached an altitude of 83 miles. Immediately thereafter, he became the first space monkey to die on impact

3) when the parachute

4) failed to open.

Mice Eleven mice were on board in the 1951 U.S. Aerobee

6) missile

7) flight that carried Yorick, the first monkey recovered alive after a rocket flight. The U.S. also sent mice on three rocket re-entry

8) tests during the 1958 "Mouse in Able" project (all three died). In addition, fourteen more mice perished

9) on a Jupiter rocket after they lifted off from Cape Canaveral in 1959.

In February of 1961, France sent a rat named Hector into space. After flying to a hEight of 93 miles, Hector was successfully recovered.

Dogs

The Soviets preferred to use pairs of stray female dogs for their early space experiments in the 50s and 60s. Most of those flights were successful, and some dogs flew more than once. In 1951, Dezik and Tsygan became the first canines

10) to survive spaceflight. Unfortunately, Dezik perished in a subsequent

1) launch.

Guinea pigs

The first guinea pig space invader

5) flew with the Soviet Sputnik 9 spacecraft on March 9th, 1961, along with a dog named Chernushka, a dummy

6) cosmonaut named Ivan Ivanovich, and an assortment

7) of mice and reptiles

8). Ivan safely parachuted back to earth, and the animals made it back alive.

Cats

Once again, our hats must go off to the French. Not happy with just firing the first rat into space, France decided they would also send up the very first space cat in October of 1963. So they found themselves a street cat, named it Felix, strapped it into a Véronique AGI rocket, and hurled it heavenward

9). And yes, it survived! France gets the First Cat in Space award. Turtles

If we don't count Teenage Mutant Ninjas Turtles, then the first turtles entered space back in 1968. And it wasn't just orbital space, Either—we're talking deep space, as in "Let's Fly to the Moon" space. The Soviet Soyuz 20 mission (November 17th, 1975~February 16th, 19

6) kept tortoises in space for 90.5 days, setting a duration record for animals.

Frogs The frogs were in space from November 9th~15th and the experiment was a success ... from the scientists' point of view, that is. Researchers were able to collect the neurophysiological

6) data they wanted, but the spacecraft wasn't recovered.

Fish

The first kind of fish in space was a mummichog

7), a strong little aquatic

8) specimen that is often used for research projects because of its ability to survive extreme conditions. A pair of

mummichogs accompanied Skylab 3 (19

3) to provide more information about the otolith organ.

Spiders Both spiders managed to spin webs, although Arabella finished hers first. The webs took longer than normal to complete, of course, and displayed some variations when compared to normal webs on Earth. Scientists later determined that although the space webs contained differences in thickness, they were of a finer quality overall.

Both spiders died in space—apparently from dehydration

30)—and their bodies are now on display at the Smithsonian.

猫

20世纪40年代末，美国开始用V-2火箭运载各种各样的生物上天。首次试验始于1947年，当时选用的是果蝇(顺便提一下，这些果蝇全都毫发无损地生还了)。位于新墨西哥州白沙国家保护区的美国空军航空医学实验室所进行的“猕猴艾伯特”系列飞行试验(1948年6月~1950年8月)则最先用到了灵长目动物。1948年6月11日，第一只艾伯特猕猴随火箭发射入空，但却未能生还(事实上，它甚至没能活着进入太空)。

1949年6月14日，猕猴艾伯特二世成为第一只进入太空的猴子，当时它到达了离地83英里的高空。紧随此后，艾伯特二世又成为第一只在返航时因降落伞没有打开导致返回舱撞击地球而丧命的太空猴。

老鼠 1951年，又有11只老鼠参与了美国的空蜂火箭导弹飞行任务，经历太空飞行后安全重返地球的首只猴子约里克也与之同行。1958年，美国又在“老鼠能行”项目的三艘火箭再入地球大气层试验中遣派了三只老鼠(无一幸存)。此外，1959年，又有14只老鼠在由美国航天基地卡纳维拉尔角发射升空的“丘辟特”火箭上殒命。狗

20世纪五十和六十年代时，苏联人喜欢选用成双结对的流浪母狗来进行他们的早期太空试验。这些试验大多都成功了，一些狗甚至还不止一次去过太空。1951年，名为得利卡和吉普赛的两条狗成为首次顺利完成太空飞行的犬科动物。不幸的是，得利卡在后来的一次发射中丧生。

豚鼠

1961年3月9日，苏联“史泼尼克9号”人造卫星搭载了第一只进入太空的豚鼠，同行的还有一只名为切尔奴萨卡的太空犬、一个名为伊万·伊万诺维奇的太空假人、数种老鼠以及爬行动物。重返地球时，假人伊万借助降落伞安全落地，而随行的这批动物也全都成功返回。

猫

让我们再次向法国人脱帽致敬吧。不满足于向太空送出第一只老鼠的小小成就，法国人决定在1963年10月也率先将猫送入太空。说干就干。他们从街头找来一只猫，为它取名费利克斯，然后将它五花大绑固定在“韦罗尼克”探空火箭里，直送九天。可不，费利克斯凯旋而归！“首发太空猫”的荣誉就这样被法国人纳入囊中。

龟

如果不把“忍者神龟”算上，那么海龟首次进入太空要追溯到1968年，而且，还不只是进入绕地轨道那么简单——而是到了外太空——也就是当年的“飞月”太空计划。苏联“联盟20号”(1975年11月17日~1976年2月16日执行飞行任务)所搭载的乌龟在太空停留了90.5天，创下了动物停留太空最长时间的纪录。

蛙类

1970年，美国宇航局启动了“轨道蛙耳石”计划(耳石是内耳的一种平衡控制器官)，将两只牛蛙送入了绕地轨道。“轨道蛙耳石”试验是为了让科学家了解耳石对失重状态的适应情况。

这两只牛蛙的太空之旅从11月9日持续到15日，试验大获成功……从科学家的视角来看，确实可以这么说。研究人员成功地收集到了所需的神经生理学数据，但搭载牛蛙的航天器却有去无回。

鱼类

首次做客太空的鱼类是底鱼将。底鱼将短小悍猛，在极端环境下也具有很强的生命力，因此常用于科学研究项目。1973年，一对底鱼将随“太空实验室3号”飞行器进入了太空，以便进一步获取耳石的相关资料。

蜘蛛

提起太空蜘蛛，有若干不同种类，不过最早上天的蜘蛛还要追溯到于1973年升空的“太空实验室3号”——当时该飞行器携带了一对名为阿拉贝拉和安妮塔的欧洲园蛛。“太空蜘蛛”这一科学实验项目是由一名叫朱迪·迈尔斯的学生构思的，目的是为了解失重和太空飞行对蜘蛛结网的影响。

尽管奥劳贝洛更快一步，但两只蜘蛛最终都成功结网。当然，完成结网的时间比在地球上的正常情况下要更长些，并且，结成的蜘蛛网同地球上的蜘蛛网相比也显现出了一些不同。科学家后来证实，尽管太空中结出的蜘蛛网厚度不均，但整体质量却更胜一筹。

这两只蜘蛛后来双双命丧太空——显然是因脱水而死——如今它们的遗骸陈列在史密苏尼博物馆中。

1. catapult [ˈkætəpʌlt] vt. 用弹射器发射

2. primate [ˈpraɪmeɪt] n. 灵长目动物

3. impact [ˈɪmpækt] n. 冲击，撞击，碰撞