国贸贸易--复习提要part1

复习提要

一、前言 [merchandise trade:商品贸易]

二、贸易理论部分(Trade Theories)

1. 重商主义（Mercantilism）

Mercantilism is the collection of similar attitudes toward domestic economic activity and the role of international trade. It cannot be classified as a formal school of thought.

重商主义核心观点：Central to Mercantilist thinking was the view that national wealth was reflected in a country’s holdings of precious metals.

重商主义对经济活动的看法：Mercantilists regarded economic activities as a zero-sum game. Economic activities should be regulated by government.

重商主义对国际贸易的观点：Mercantilists stressed the need to maintain an access of exports over imports, that is, a favorable balance of trade or positive trade balance. Governments attempted to control international trade with special policies. Exports were subsidized and quotas and high tariffs were placed on imports of goods.

2. 古典贸易理论（The Classical Trade Theory）

(1)亚当斯密与“绝对优势理论”absolute advantage theory

Adam Smith的核心观点：Smith perceived that a nation’s wealth was reflected in its productive capacity, not in its holdings of precious metals.

Adam Smith对政府作用的看法：He stressed that a government policy of laissez faire would best provide the environment for increasing a nation’s wealth. The proper role of government was to guarantee the free operation of markets by removing barriers and let the markets play the role of an “invisible hand”.

Adam Smith对国际贸易的观点：Countries should specialize in and export those commodities in which they had an absolute advantage and should import those commodities in which the trading partner has an absolute advantage. He believed that Trade was mutually beneficial and was a positive-sum game.

(2)大卫李嘉图与“比较优势理论”comparative advantage theory Ricardian Model (李嘉图模型)的假设：

① Each country has a fixed endowment of resources, and all units of each particular resource are identical. [李嘉图模型认为禀赋无差异，而HO理论却认为要素禀赋的差异导致贸易产生]

② The factors of production are completely mobile between alternative uses within a country, but completely immobile externally.

③ The relative value of a commodity is based solely on its relative labor content.

④ The level of technology is fixed for both countries, although the technology can differ between them.

⑤ Unit costs of production are constant. This means that the supply curve of any good is horizontal.

⑥ There is full employment.

⑦ The economy is characterized by perfect competition.

⑧ There are no government-imposed obstacles to economic activity. ⑨ Internal and external transportation costs are zero.

Ricardian Model的内容：The essence of Ricardo’s argument is that international trade does not require different absolute advantages and that it is possible and desirable to trade when comparative advantages exist. One country should produce and export those commodities in which it has a comparative advantage.

Ricardian Model的贸易条件（terms of trade）[国际价格]: When trade is initiated between the two countries, it will take place at international terms of trade that lie within the limits set by the price ratios of each country in autarky.

李嘉图模型的计算：练习P40 习题1 (a) (b), 参考PPT—Chp4；练习3. 新古典贸易理论（Neoclassical Trade Theory）

The similarity between Classical trade theory and Neoclassical trade theory is that they both explained the basis of trade from the point of

supply.

(1)H-O Model赫克歇尔-俄林模型

H-O Model的假设条件：（区别于李嘉图模型的重点假设） ① There are two countries, two homogeneous goods, and two

homogeneous factors of production whose initial levels are fixed and assumed to be relatively different for each country.

② The two commodities have different relative factor intensities, and the respective commodity factor intensities are the same for all factor price ratios.[两种产品有不同的要素密集度，产品的要素密集度不会随着要价格的变化而改变。举例来说，如果一种产品是劳动密集的，那么不论劳动的价格如何变化，它都是劳动密集型产品，不会变成资本密集的产品。]

③ 其他假设大致与李嘉图模型一致，例如，要素流动性，完全竞争，规模报酬不变，交通成本为零，没有政府干预等等，详见P127. H-O Model的内容（Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem）：A country will export the commodity that uses relatively intensively its relatively abundant factor of production, and it will import the good that uses relatively intensively its relatively scarce factor of production.

Stolper-Samuelson Theorem(斯托尔帕—萨缪尔森定理)[简化版]: With full employment both before and after trade, the price of the abundant factor will increase and the price of the scarce factor will fall. 这一定理主要是用于解释要素价格变动的情况

Factor price equalization theorem (要素价格均等化定理) [简化版]： In equilibrium, facing the same relative product prices, same technology, and constant returns to scale, the factor prices are .

(2) Specific-factors Model(特定要素模型)

SF 模型的含义：The specific-factors model (SF Model) is an attempt to explore the implications of short-run factor immobility between sectors in an H-O context. In SF Model, there are two countries, two products but three factors. The three factors can be divided into two

types—common factors and specific factors. Common factors can be used in the production of two commodities while specific factors can only be used to produce one product. 三个要素，分为两组

SF模型的启示：SF Model still regards factor endowments as the basis for trade. But the prices of factors are different. The price of common factors becomes uncertain. However, more and more common factors are moving to the production of export products. The price of specific factor will go up when it is used to produce export goods, but the price will decline when the factor is used to produce import products. So the scarce factor will ask for more protection from international trade.

4. 现代贸易理论（Modern Trade Theory）

(1) Krugman’s Model克鲁格曼模型

Krugman’s Model的重要前提假设：Labor is the only input of production. There are monopolistic competition in the markets and