实用英语写作(基本技能讲义)Word

　　实用英语写作

　　实用英语写作

　　雅思写作课程简介学分：2 学时：32

　　授课教师: ():用户名：njenglish@

　　密码：nj.english

　　实用英语写作

　　课程简介1. 本课程的地位与作用 2.本课程的教学目标

　　3.本课程的基本要求

　　实用英语写作

　　一、课程的地位与作用 写作是英语学习中较为重要也有一定难度的技能， 它对阅读、听力、口语都有促进作用，在日常工 作、生活中也有实用需求。本课程的开设便是为 了更好地贯彻大学英语新教学大纲的要求，使学 生在今后工作和社会交往中能用英语有效地进行 书面信息交流，提高综合文化素养，以适应我国 经济发展和国际交流的需要。该课程以英语基本 写作技巧训练为基础，结合日常生活的实际语言 需要，强化学生应用文写作的能力，以全面提升 学生的语言实际应用能力，并为今后更好地运用 英语进行学习、工作打下良好的基础。本课程实 用性强，有利于开阔学生的视野。

　　实用英语写作

　　本课程分为基础写作与应用文写作两大部分，从 基础训练起步，介绍英语写作步骤和技巧，如篇 章结构、思想组织等，从而教写段落、全文；在 应用文部分，通过大量的应用文实例，逐步了解 并学会写各类实用英语，如通知、便条、请柬、 证明、申请信函、个人简历、推荐信等，以期在 实际生活中熟练地用英语传递信息、交流思想。 本课程以提高学生综合运用能力为目标，有利于 学生培养实际能力，做到学以致用，因此实用性 强，对将来考研、就业、出国的英文应用都有很 大裨益。

　　实用英语写作

　　1. 教学目标 本课程以课堂讲授、课堂讨论及课内外操练等为 主要教学手段，同时利用内容新颖、丰富多样的 例段及范文进行讲解和分析，让学生学习、模仿 和参照，加强学生对每种文体写作的理解和应用， 从而掌握书面表达的基本方法和手段。《实用英 语写作》旨在使学生了解并学习英语写作的步骤、 基本原则和技巧，以及应用文的写作模式及方法。 通过该课程的学习，学生不仅可以了解各类实用 英语文书的写作要求和技巧，而且还可以更好地 了解各类英语文书应用的工作环境，掌握有效的 沟通技巧，全面提高实用英语写作能力。

　　实用英语写作

　　基本要求 1)了解英语写作的理论框架及基本知识； 2)通过基本功的训练，掌握英语写作的段落、 提纲、全文方面最基本的写作步骤和技巧，写出 主题较为明确、内容较为完善、语言较为通顺、 格式符合要求的的文章； 3)学会撰写个人简历、通知、便条、请柬等应 用文。

　　实用英语写作

　　三、学时分配章 次 章 名 学 时2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

　　第1章 第2章 第3章 第4章 第5章 第6章 第7章 第8章 第9章 第10章 第11章 第12章 第13章 第14章 第15

　　章 第16章

　　实用英语写作

　　写作基本技能训练 实力+技巧 掌握丰富的词汇和 掌握多变的句型 注意中外文化的差异， 注意中外写作思路的不同

　　实用英语写作

　　选词 造句 篇章 完整作文

　　实用英语写作

　　DictionDiction is the choice and the use of words

　　实用英语写作

　　How to make a good diction? By: Using the Appropriate Word —Level of words Using the Exact Word —Meaning of words Using Figurative Language —Figures of speech12

　　实用英语写作

　　Levels of Words Words are generally classified into four groups according to different levels of usage or formality:

　　Formal Standard or common

　　Colloquial or informal Slang13

　　实用英语写作

　　Formal Words Formal words may also be called learned words, or literary words, or “big” words. Most of them are of Greek of Latin origin. Formal words are more commonly used on addresses, eulogies颂词,颂文, articles for scholarly journals, technical reports, legal documents, etc. Formal English avoids contractions缩略词and colloquial expressions and therefore sounds different from the way average people speak.14

　　实用英语写作

　　Example: There is nothing new in the recognition, within a given language, of a distinction between common usage and uses of the language for more restricted purposes and often enough, perhaps characteristically, more elevated purposes. The monolithic nature of English is not questioned when literary essayists like Emerson contrast poetry and common speech. The latter is recognized in American to be the proper subject for the investigation of Linguists who, however, now show some incipient开始的,初期的inclination to investigate poetry, too, and other noncasual 15 utterances in a given language.

　　实用英语写作

　　Note: Recognition (formal) knowing (common) seeing (common) characteristically (formal) typically (relatively common) incipient (formal) early (common) beginning (common) noncasual (formal) special (common) serious (common) careful (common) inclination (formal) preference (relatively common) liking (common) utterance (formal) speaking (common)16

　　elevated (formal) better (common) higher (common) monolithic (formal) inseparable, unchangeable (relatively common) investigation (formal) research, study (common)

　　实用英语写作

　　Standard or Common Words Standard or common words are those used by the widest group of educated speakers and writers. Common words are popular in college writing, and are often employed in newspaper, textbooks, non-fiction, best sellers, etc. Common English is easy to understand, and complies well with the written language.17

　　实用英语写作

　　Example: When I was a kid, and reading every science fiction book in the local library, I used to wonder exactly how the future would happen. By that I don’t mean what the future would be like---science fiction already told me that----but rather how we’d actually get there. Science fiction books seemed t

　　o agree, for example, that in the future there would be no money----all transactions可疑的would be made via identity cards and centralized computers. But that seemed dubious to me: how, I wondered, are you going to get everybody to give up money in 18 the first place?

　　实用英语写作

　　Note: kid (colloquial) child (common) transaction (a little formal) business/trade (common)

　　dubious (a little formal) doubtful/unlikely (common)19

　　实用英语写作

　　Colloquial or Informal Words Colloquial or informal words are usually short words of one or two syllables and most of them are of Saxon origin. Colloquial or informal words are often used in spoken language and in writing aimed for a conversational effect.

　　实用英语写作

　　Example: You have your tension. Sometimes you come close to having an accident, that upsets you. You just escape maybe by a hair or so. Sometimes maybe you get a disgruntled passenger on there, and starts a big argument. Traffic. You have someone who cuts you off or stops in front of the bus. There’s a lot of tension behind that. You got to watch all the time. You’re watchin’ the drivers, you’re watchin’ other cars. Most of the time you have to drive for the other drivers, to avoid hitting them. So 21 you take the tension home with you.

　　实用英语写作

　　Note: by a hair or so :by a little chance on there :There cuts you off :make you suddenly stop There’s :There is got to :Must You’re :You are watchin’ :watching22

　　实用英语写作

　　Slang Words Slang refers to novel and colorful expressions that reflect a certain group’s special experiences and set the group off from others Slang is used by almost all groups of people, from musicians and computer scientists to vegetarians and golfers, or uneducated speaker. Slang displays endless inventiveness. It may be vivid and interesting, but is imprecise for effective writing, and is generally inappropriate for college or 23 business writing.

　　实用英语写作

　　Example: I’ll attend to that myself in th’ mornin’. I’ll take keer o’’im. He ain’t from this country no how. I’ll go down there in th’ mornin’ and see’im. Lettin’ you leave your books and gallivant all over th’ hills. What kind of a school is it nohow! Didn’t do that, my son, when I’s a little shaver in school.

　　实用英语写作

　　Note: th’ mornin’: the morning take keer o’’im: take care of him see’im: see him Lettin’: Let nohow: anyhow I’s: I was a little shaver: a little boy25

　　实用英语写作

　　Exercise 1 Please explain the underlined words with some more common words. 1. A bizarre experiment in the United States has demonstrated that psychiatrists can not distinguish effectively between people who are mentally disturbed and those who are sane. 2. At the end of the interview they told me that I would be notified of any vacancies suitable to my experience and qualifications. 3. A very trivial circumstance will serve to exemplify this. 4. The absence of variatio

　　n in the result of our experiments gave us confidence in the scientific law. 5. In a scientific inquiry, a fallacy, great or small, is always of importance and is sure to be, in the long 26 run, productive of mischievous results.

　　实用英语写作

　　1. A bizarre experiment in the United States has demonstrated that psychiatrists can not distinguish effectively between people who are mentally disturbed and those who are sane. bizarre (formal) demonstrate (formal) mentally disturbed (formal) strange (common) prove (common); mad (common) odd (common); show (common)27

　　实用英语写作

　　2. At the end of the interview they told me that I would be notified of any vacancies suitable to my experience and qualifications. notify (formal) vacancy (formal) tell (common) job (common)

　　实用英语写作

　　3. A very trivial circumstance will serve to exemplify this. trivial (formal) circumstance (formal) common (common) incident (common) small (common) thing (common)

　　实用英语写作

　　4. The absence of variation in the result of our experiments gave us confidence in the scientific law. absence (formal) variation (formal) lack (common) difference (common)

　　实用英语写作

　　5. In a scientific inquiry, a fallacy, great or small, is always of importance and is sure to be, in the long run, productive of mischievous results. fallacy (formal) be productive of (formal) mischievous (formal) mistake (common) produce (common);harmful (common) cause (common)31

　　实用英语写作

　　Exercise 2 Identify the level of the following sentences? When his dad died, Pete had to get another job. After his father’s death, Peter had to change his job. On the decease of his father, Mr. Brown was obliged to seek alternative employment. Pete’s old woman hit the roof when he came home with that doll from the disco. Peter’s wife was very angry when he came home with the girl from the discotheque. 32

　　实用英语写作

　　When his dad died, Pete had to get another job. (collo.) After his father’s death, Peter had to change his job. (com.) On the decease of his father, Mr. Brown was obliged to seek alternative employment. (fml.) Pete’s old woman hit the roof when he came home with that doll from the disco. (colloquial, impolite) Peter’s wife was very angry when he came home with the girl from the discotheque. (common)33

　　实用英语写作

　　Using the Exact Word The exact word suits to your purpose, your meaning, and your reader’s background, interests, and expectations. To choose the exact word, you must be clear about the denotation and connotation of a word, the differences between general and specific words, abstract and concrete words, and have a good mastery of English idioms.34

　　实用英语写作

　　The Meaning of Words Denotation: is the specific, direct, and explicit meaning of a word. The denotative meaning of a word comes directly from its referent and is mostly gained from a dictionary Connotation: is the associative or suggesti

　　ve meaning of a word. The connotative meaning is personal and mostly deduced from one’s experience.35

　　实用英语写作

　　The Semantic Triangle of “Winter” Reference/Concept (Connotation): desolate, icy, dead, treeless, bitter, barren, snow, cold, chill, white

　　Symbol (word) winter

　　Referent (thing/denotation): the coldest season of the year, including the months of December, January, and February

　　e.g. Laughter drives winter from the mind. She is in the winter of her life.36

　　实用英语写作

　　Example: country: an area of land and its population and government nation: the people of a country state: the government or political organization of a country land: (emotive: motherland, homeland) England is a smaller country than China. The President spoke on radio to the nation. Should industry be controlled by the state? China is my native land.37

　　实用英语写作

　　Synonyms Since the connotations of words may vary along a number of dimensions, it is difficult to find two words that are exactly the same in meaning and use (structure). They may be identical, but they will never be equivalent. Usually, the common dimensions will be from “informal” to “formal”, from “weak” to “strong”, from “emotionless” to “emotional”, from “favorable” to “unfavorable” or form different collocations.38

　　实用英语写作

　　Example: informal-formal ask : informal question: ask many questions interrogate: suggesting that the person is being held by force and asked questions which they are unwilling to answer. He asked about his new job. Two men are being questioned by the police in connection with the robbery. The Japanese officers were interrogated as 39 prisoners of war.

　　实用英语写作

　　Example: informal-formal time: a period; a period in history age: a particular period in history epoch: long period in history, marked by important events It will take you a long time to learn French properly. In ancient times, people wore clothes made of fur. He has reached his retirement age. They were living in the Stone Age/Iron Age. The first flight into space marked a new epoch in the history of mankind. The steam-engine was an epoch-making event.40

　　实用英语写作

　　Example: informal-formal rise: go up; get higher mount: formal go up; climb ascend: formal go to a higher level, climb Smoke rose from the factory chimneys. The old lady mounted the stairs with difficulty. He ascended the stairs. Victoria ascended the throne. (became queen)41

　　实用英语写作

　　Example: weak-strong big : big large : unusually big huge : extremely large emphatic (formal) Put the books in the big box. Wuhan is a big/large city in Central China. The team has got a huge man over two meters tall.

　　实用英语写作

　　Example: emotionlessemotional small: (emotionless) little: (implying a feeling of fondness) They lived in a small town. (describing the area) I can never forget the little town where I spent my happy child

　　hood. (I like it.)43

　　实用英语写作

　　Example: phrasal verbs carry on: 〈非正〉继续进行 1. to continue, esp. in spite of an interruption or difficulties We can carry on our discussion after lunch. 2. Informal to behave in a foolish, excited, or anxious manner You should have heard her carrying on when we told her the news. I wish you’d stop carrying on (=complaining) about it.64

　　实用英语写作

　　Example: n.+prep.+n. A straw in the wind: a sign of what may happen征兆, 迹象, 苗头 These stories of arms These stories of arms build-up along the border are straws in the wind. The apple of one’s eye: informal one’s favorite person or thing like a fish out of water: uncomfortable because one is in a strange place 65 in a world of one’s own

　　实用英语写作

　　Example: phrasal verbs come across: 1. to meet, find, or discover, esp.. By chance she came across some old letters in the course of her search. 2. to be effective and well received Your speech came across very well.66

　　实用英语写作

　　第十，插入语。 一种独立成分,与句子的其它成分一般没有语法 上的关系,大都是对一句话作一些附加说明或解 释。它通常由一个词、一个短语或一个句子构成 ,位置较为灵活,可置于句首、句中或句末,一般用 逗号或破折号与句子隔开。 Eg: 电脑，我们生活中必不可少的一部分，给我 们带来了极大的方便。 Computer, an indispensable part in our life, has brought us great conveniences. 大学生，没有社会经验，容易上当受骗。 College students, lacking social experience, 426 are easily cheated.

　　实用英语写作

　　有一点值得注意，从句虽好，但不宜过多重复 ，这就好像美酒虽好但不要贪杯的道理一样。 从句的优点是简单句不能比拟的，但只有简单 句结合从句，才能体现句子的多变性；也只有 全部的句子都为主题句服务，文章的整体性才 会更好的体现。以下是议论文写作中比较好的 一些从句例子： 1)宾语从句，一般出现在首段背景介绍部分。 Many experts claim that people should positively participate in garbage recycle.

　　实用英语写作

　　如何灵活运用正式的书面语写作不同于口语，应当尽量符合书 面语的正式性。下面就是具体的几 个客观表达的方面：