900MHz的GSM手机射频辐射的可能的生物积极的认知效果毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

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　　文献、资料中文题目：寻找暴露于900MHz的GSM手机 射频辐射的可能的生物积极的认知效果

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　　翻译日期： 2017.02.14

　　Abstract——though exposure to electromagnetic radiation in radiofrequency range has caused a great deal of concern globally,radiofrequency radiation has many critical applications in both telecommunication and non-communication fields. Theinduction of adaptive response phenomena by exposure to radiofrequency radiation as either increased resistance to asubsequent dose of ionizing radiation or resistance to a bacterial infection has been reported recently. Interestingly, thepotential beneficial effects of mobile phone radiofrequency radiation are not only limited to the induction of adaptivephenomena. It has previously been indicated that the visual reaction time of university students significantly decreasedafter a 10 min exposure to radiofrequency radiation emitted by a mobile phone. Furthermore, it has been revealed thatoccupational exposures to radar radiations decreased the reaction time in radar workers. Based on these findings, it canbe hypothesized that in special circumstances, these exposures might lead to a better response of humans to different. hazards. Other investigators have also provided evidence that confirms the induction of RF-induced cognitive benefits.Furthermore, some recent reports have indicated that RF radiation may play a role in protecting against cognitiveimpairment in Alzheimer’s disease. In this light, a challenging issue will arise if there are other RF-induced stimulatingeffects. It is also challenging to explore the potential applications of these effects. Further research may shed light ondark areas of the health effects of short and long-term human exposure to radiofrequency radiation.

　　Keywords: Mobile phone, GSM, Radiofrequency, Non-ionizing radiation, Microwave, Beneficial effects

　　I. Introduction

　　Non-ionizing Radiation is a part of the electromagnetic radiation (EMR) which due to its lower energy is unable toproduce ionization. However, non-ionizing radiation affectsthe cells electrically, chemically and thermally causing awide range of beneficial or harmful effects. The radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF EMR) component ofthe electromagnetic radiation which is produced by bothnatural and artificial sources can be defined as that part ofthe spectrum where electromagnetic waves have frequencies in the range of about 3 kHz to 300 GHz [1].

　　The strength of the RF field is usually expressed in termsof its two cardinal components, electric and magneticfields. The strength of electric and magnetic field components of RF EMR are measured in units of V/m and A/m,respectively. On the other hand, the ―power density‖ canalso be used to characterize an RF field. Power density thatis expressed in units of W/m2can be defined as power perunit area. On the other hand, specific absorption rate(SAR), that is usually expressed in units of W/kg, is oftenused to measure the amount of RF radiation absorbed inthe body [2]. Specific absorption rate is usually averagedeither over the whole body or over a small sample volume(typically 1 g or 10 g of tissue). When the

　　electric field isknown, SAR can be calculated within the tissue as:

　　Where σ is the sample electrical conductivity, E is theroot mean square (RMS) electric field, and ρ is the sample density. According to WHO, the minimum SAR thatis needed to produce known adverse health effects inhumans exposed to RF in the frequency range of 1 MHzto 10 GHz is about 4 W/kg [3]. RF EMR has many applications in both telecommunication (mobile phones,cordless phones, wireless computer networks, radio andtelevision broadcasting, satellite communications) and

　　non-communication(microwave ovens, industrial RFheating and sealing) fields. Despite these applications,there are reports indicating higher risk of tumor formation in heavy mobile phone users [4-7]. It has also beenclaimed that health symptoms such as tiredness, stress,headache, anxiety, concentration difficulty and sleepdisturbance are frequently reported by the users of mobile phones [8-10]. However, Mortazavi et al. found nosignificantly higher prevalence of self-reported symptoms in individuals who had used mobile phones [11].On the other hand, some recent studies were unable toshow an association between cancer and mobile phoneuse

　　[12] or living nearby mobile base stations [13]. Therewas also no association between risk of

　　early childhoodcancers and mother’s exposure to mobile phone base stations during pregnancy [14]. A recent study even indicatedthat short-term exposure to weak microwave radiationcan temporarily stimulate specific humoral or cellular immune responses, while prolonged exposures may inhibitthe same functions [15]. In this light, it can be concludedthat current findings are complicated by a wide range ofconfounding factors and hence these studies do not showstrong and convincing evidence that there is a causal association between cancer and exposure to RF energy [16].

　　Over the past years, our laboratory has focused on studying the health effects ofexposure of laboratory animals andhumans to some common and/or occupational sources ofelectromagnetic fields such as mobile phones [17-24] andtheir base stations [25], mobile phone jammers [26], laptopcomputers [27], radars [18], dentistry cavitrons [28] andMRI [29]. To the best of our knowledge this paper is the

　　first article that reviews the beneficial effects of exposure tomobile phone radiofrequency radiation.

　　II. Are there known detrimental effectsassociated withexposure to RF

　　EMR?

　　There is growing serious concern that the exponentiallyincreased exposure to RF-EMF from mobile phones mightlead to adverse health effects [30]. Cell phones are popularcommunication devices that emit low levels of RF-EMF.Even in stand-by mode, mobile phones emit a very short signal at certain intervals. Over the past two decades, hundredsof worldwide studies have been conducted to assess the biological effects of RF-EMF. It has been reported that self-reported symptoms such as headache, earache, and warmthsensation, concentration problem and fatigue are associatedwith using mobile phones

　　[31,32]. On the other hand,other studies as well as studies performed by Mortazaviet al. which could not find any association between mobilephone use and the self-reported symptoms indicate therole of psychological factors in electromagnetic hypersensitivity [33,34]. Genotoxic effects of exposure to mobilephone radiation have also been studied. In a recent study,possible genotoxic effect of RF EMR (GSM, 1,800 MHz)in human lymphocytes was investigated through collaboration of six independent institutes. Genotoxicity end pointswere chromosome aberration, micronuclei, sister chromatidexchange and the alkaline comet assay. This study couldnot show any evidence of a genotoxic effect induced by RFEMR [35]. Regarding possible carcinogenic effects of mobile phone radiation, mobile phone users were not morelikely to have been diagnosed with brain tumors comparedwith nonusers [36,37]. However, a nationwide cohort studyin Denmark showed little evidence of an increased risk ofskin cancer among the users of mobile phones [38].

　　III. Beneficial effects of RF EMR

　　Dr. Sheldon Wolff In 1992 published his popular paperentitled ―Is Radiation All Bad? The Search for Adaptation‖[39]. He was globally famous for his studies on the stimulatory and beneficial effects of low dose ionizing radiation.At this time, considering intensely increase in using mobile phones (more than 4.5 billion subscribers around theglobe), we should change Wolff’s question to a new query“Is mobile phone radiofrequency (RF) radiation all bad?‖[40]. Nowadays, in some developing countries with poorinfrastructure for landlines, mobile phone use has exponentially increased in the last decade. Interestingly, insome parts of the world, mobile phones are the main oreven the only available telephone system

　　Substantial evidence indicates that cells pre-exposed tolow doses of DNA damaging agents such as ionizing radiation, ultraviolet (UV) rays, alkylating agents,oxidants andheat become immune to the detrimental effects of high dosesof these agents or even similar agents. This phenomenon isusually referred to as ―adaptive response‖. Olivieri et al. in1984 for the first time reported that pre-exposure of humanlymphocytes to low doses of ionizing radiation induced anadaptive response as decreased susceptibility to chromatidbreak induced by a subsequent high dose radiation [41]. Although the mechanisms underlying the induction of adaptiveresponse after pre-irradiation by a low dose radiationare not fully understood, it has been demonstrated thatthe improvement of DNA repair may be involved in thisphenomenon

　　[42,43]. Also it has been revealed that p53might be a crucial mediator of DNA repair process afterexposure to a low dose [44].

　　The induction of adaptive response phenomena by exposure to radiofrequency radiation as either increasedresistance to a subsequent dose of ionizing radiation orresistance to a bacterial infection has been also reported[20,45-51]. The mechanisms of radiofrequency-inducedadaptive response are not clearly known, so far [47]. Ithas been also recently shown that when laboratory animals are pre-exposed to electromagnetic radiofrequencyradiation emitted from a common GSM mobile phone,they become resistant to a following bacterial infection[17,52]. Furthermore, there is another report by Plewset al. that indicated the induction of adaptive response.

　　induced by low-dose whole-body radiation treatments asprolonged survival of prion-infected mice by reducingoxidative stress [53]. As discussed in our previous articles, RF-induced resistance against bacterial infectioncan open new horizons in overcoming the problem oflong term human stay in the space [54].

　　Furthermore, the possible advantageous effects of radiofrequency radiation are not only restricted to the induction of adaptive responses. Reaction time plays acritical role in performing activities necessary to bettercope with life’s threats and/or avoid hazards. Reactiontime widely varies from an individual to another, and increased reaction time may lead to fatal accidents. Previously, it has been indicated that the visual reaction timeof university students was significantly decreased after aten minute exposure to electromagnetic radiation in radiofrequency range emitted by a common mobile phone[19]. This finding is in

　　line with the findings of other researchers who reported improved cognitive functionssuch decreased reaction time or improved performanceon attention and short term memory after exposure toradiofrequency radiation [55-60]. Furthermore, it hasbeen reported that the reaction time in radar workerswhom are occupationally exposed to radar microwave radiations is significantly shorter than that of the controlgroup [18]. Altogether, our results revealed that exposureto microwave radiation decreased the reaction time whichhelps people better respond to different threatening situations. Therefore these exposures can decrease the probability of human errors and reduce destructive accidents.Different trials [61-63] and some epidemiological studies[64,65] conducted over the past years were unable toreveal effects of exposure to mobile base stations on cognitive functions. Furthermore, stimulatory cognitive effectscaused by long term exposure to RF radiation have beenshown in some studies performed over the past years.Arns et al. in 2007 used a word interference test and reported that long term intense cell phone use caused betterperformance of normal individuals [66]. Furthermore, in2009 Schuz et al. indicated that long-term mobile phoneusers (those who used 10 years or more) had a 30–40 percent reduced risk of hospitalization because of Alzheimer’sdisease (AD) and vascular dementia [67]. Arendash et al.previously indicated that currently available drugs onlytreat/mask AD symptoms for about one year (none ofthese drugs directly slow or lessen AD pathogenesis). Inthis light, they proposed that high frequency electromagnetic radiation can be a safe, non-pharmaceutical approachto treat AD

　　[68-70]. Recently, Arendash reported that asAD drugs cannot get into neurons and as most of thesedrugs have a single mechanism-of-action, pharmacologicinterventions against AD seem to be unsuccessful [71].Therefore, he stated that long-term transcranial electromagnetic treatment (TEMT) can prevent and reverse bothcognitive impairment and brain amyloid-β (Aβ) depositionin AD transgenic mice. He also claimed that TEMT evenimproves cognitive performance in normal mice. Arendashbelieves that understanding the mechanisms of action oftranscranial electromagnetic treatment (TEMT) can helpscientists provide remarkable therapeutic methods for prevention and treatment of other neurologic disorders suchas Parkinson’s disease, or injuries like traumatic brain injury and stroke [71].

　　IV. Conclusion

　　Substantial evidence indicate that pre-exposure to radiofrequency radiation can induce stimulatory phenomena suchas adaptive response. Furthermore, it has recently beenshown that pre-exposure of laboratory animals to RF EMRincreases their resistance to a subsequent bacterial infection, a response which may have implications in manneddeep space exploration. Interestingly, the potential beneficial effects of RF radiation are not only limited to the induction of adaptive phenomena. Our findings showed thathuman exposure to RF EMR leads to the better performance of short term memory and decreased reaction time.Other investigators have also provided evidence that confirms the induction of RF-induced cognitive benefits suchas protection against cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’sdisease. In this light, a challenging issue will arise whetherthere are other radiofrequency-induced