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Inspiration of Confucianism on Modern Administration

××× 行政管理112班 指导教师：叶兴艺

Abstract: This paper grasps the essence of Confucianism by analyzing the traditional Confucianism, and then identify what we should keep and further develop, what negative effects we must http://wendang.chazidian.combining with our contemporary administrative phenomenon and put forward some corresponding countermeasures and recommendations.

Keywords: Confucianism; administration; criticism; inheritance

1. Introduction

As a cultural heritage and social consciousness undercurrent with a long history, Confucianism has a profound impact in China. It is the deep cultural roots of many administrative phenomena today, such as the emphasis on the quality of leadership, advocating the elite, etc, which we should continue to flourish. The emphasis on the rule of man but rule of law, informal democratic system, official standard thinking and other negative impacts are what we should overcome. Draw on the pith of the Confucianism for our contemporary administrative building, also to promote China's social development.

2. Negative impact of Confucianism on modern administration

(1) Closed ideological system----impeding administrative reform

Natural economy is the basic social condition of Confucianism formation and its characteristic of autarky make, to certain extent, Confucianism lost vitality. This feature still leave obvious traces in the modern administrative. The basic core of Confucian administration was "Rites" and established the administrative pyramid top-down power structure on the basis of it. This severely restricts the administrative staff's enthusiasm, initiative and creativity. Over time, a conservative, attachment acting style formed, affecting executives innovative training and independent personality development, thus impeding administrative systems innovation from the source, making China's administrative reform more difficult.

(2) Monarchical supremacy respected----unfavorable for transformation of government functions

Confucian underlined "the family normal and ethic", which means the sovereign, the elder generation and the husband are the subject of power. Power of the monarch is supreme, ubiquitous,

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covering all aspects of society. In such a cultural tradition, Confucian ethics thoughts has a considerable long-term impact on the administration of the country. For instance, the thought of "valuing official titles" is highly hazardous to the society. On one hand, people show fear of authority, more precise--the government. Also, they lack political awareness of democracy and democratic participation consciousness. On the other hand, the "limited government" development is still not ripe under the condition of socialist market economy. The process of separation of enterprise from administration, government from institutions, political and social is slowly develop . This inertia makes it harder to adjust administrative functions.

(3) Focus on human relations----affect high-quality administrative team building

In the current administrative system, administrative staffs’ recruitment, appraisal, management, promotion, etc, are more reliable to human relations. Since there is no objective standards , only lead to a number of adverse administrative phenomena. Many officials make up a huge network of relationships to get work promotion privately. Their work attitudes are often based on their likes and dislikes without concerning about the needs and miseries of citizens, even worse, domineering. Too much discretion in the exercise of powers , not strictly comply with the necessary procedures and rules, which all greatly affected our highly qualified executive ranks.

3. Reference of Confucianism on modern administrative

(1) Possess both political integrity and ability----promotion to Administrative Ethics construction

Confucianism takes "morals" as the theoretical foundation, which significant for the construction of administrative. We now can find the resources of all aspects for current administrative and moral construction from the Confucian ethics. For example, there are great similarities between the quality of modern civil servants such as loyal to the country, keep secret; lawfully administration; unselfish, integrity and Confucian "Forbearance" ideas. Another example, concept of enlightenment, monitoring, rule of law are in expression of supervision, legal, institutional in modern educational administration. We should inherit the positive spirit of Confucian culture, improve administrative staff moral construction, which led to increase levels of ethical standards for all citizens.

(2) " Serving the Community " ----to promote the establishment of service-oriented government

As the core of Confucian ethics, "Serving the Community" has a significant practical effect .Confucian clearly recognized that “the people” are the basic elements to exist in both

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society and state and advocated taking the interests of the people as a measure of value on managing state affairs, also meeting the needs of their live and work as far as possible. This is not only in favor of maintaining the feudal dynasty, but also on the establishment of service-oriented government in our country. Populist ideas help position the government's role under the concept of social standard , standing corresponding responsibility for the purpose of "serve the people" in the modern sense.

(3) "Ritual and Law"----Contribute to the combination of both law and morality

Confucian regarded the "ritual and law" thought as its external security, affirmed their roles in national governance. Similarly, in modern society, a country's stability, harmony and prosperity requires the perfect unite of law and virtue. It goes without saying that law is important. The increasingly fierce competition in overall national strength, more obviously manifests in the power of knowledge and cultural forces. So, moral beliefs, moral ideal, as the core of culture, in the utmost of their comprehensive national importance. Therefore, carrying forward the Confucian spirit of ritual and law to achieve consolidation, and to ensure long-term stability of society.

4.Conclusion

Confucianism is getting more attention from all around the world, also has been given a lot of insight into more innovative interpretation with China's economic rise and the continuous development of the society. Although many of Confucianism outdate, causing some negative effects for modernization, we should not knock it down at one stroke like the "the May 4th Movement" or "the Cultural Revolution ", but eye it both on view of criticism and inheritance .Discarding their dross and selecting their essence to the continuous development of China's administrative building.

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References

[1]Zhang Jingying, Confucianism and Contemporary Chinese Administrative Research and Countermeasures [J], Henan Normal University, 2006.9.33 (5).

[2]Liu Haifeng , Confucian ethics chief administrative reform on China's modern learning[D], East China University of Technology, 2010.12.

[3]He Shin Kan, Virtue of necessity [N], People's Daily, 2001.4.29 (6).

[4]Fu Baoming, Zhangjian Jian, Confucian Ethical and Political Thought on Modern Administration Significance [EB / OL], [2011-09-06]. http://wendang.chazidian.com.

指导教师评语：

当前，我国正处于社会转型时期，改革开放也步入了深水区。毋庸讳言，当前我国的行政伦理与社会经济发展的要求出现了严重的脱节，导致了一系列行政失范现象的凸显。职是之故，如何加强我国行政伦理建设尤为迫切。儒家思想是伦理政治观的典范，伦理政治观用道德的观点解释政治，认为政治就是对于一种社会价值的追求，是一种规范性的道德，把政治等同或归结为伦理道德，认为政治的最高目的，就是为了使人和社会达到最高的道德境界。儒家思想历经数千年的发展，其中的精华为我国当前行政建设特别是行政伦理建设提供了许多可资借鉴的要素。

该论文的选题具有重要的理论价值和实际意义，该论文梳理了儒家思想对现代行政的负面影响，并充分挖掘了儒家思想对现代行政可资借鉴的合理性因素。纵观全文，行文流畅、逻辑严密，体现了作者一定的写作与学术功底。不足之处是，作者对儒家思想原典掌握得不够熟悉，因而对儒家思想特征仅限于直接描述，而缺乏论证，同时，在观点的创新程度上尚待加强。

综上所述，这是一篇较为优秀学术小论文。

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论儒家思想对现代行政的启示

×× 行政管理112班 指导教师：叶兴艺

摘 要: 本文从传统的儒家思想分析中把握其精髓， 进而分辨出哪些是我们应该保留与进一步加以发扬的精神，哪些是我们必须摒弃的负面影响，并结合我国当代行政现象，提出一些相应的对策和建议。

关键词：儒家思想；行政管理；批判；继承

一、引言

儒家思想源远流长，作为一种文化的积淀和社会意识的潜流，在我国具有深远的影响。儒家思想也是当今许多行政现象的深层次文化根源，如重视领导者的素质、尚贤使能等，这些有益的成分我们应该继续发扬光大。而重人治而轻法治、流于形式的民主制度、官本位思想等消极影响，我们应该加以克服。借鉴和发扬儒家思想中的适用于我国当代行政建设的文化精髓，推动我国社会发展。

二、儒家思想对现代行政的负面影响

（一） 思想体系封闭，阻碍行政体制改革

自己自足的小农自然经济是儒家思想形成的基本社会条件，而自然经济封闭僵化的特点使儒家思想在一定程度上丧失了活力，这种特性迄今还在现代行政中留有明显的痕迹。儒家行政的基本内核是“礼治”，并在礼治的基础上确立金字塔式自上而下的行政权力结构。这就严重制约了行政人员的积极性、主动性和创造性。长此以往，就形成了保守、依附的行事风格，影响行政人员创新精神的培养和独立人格的养成，从而从根源上阻碍了行政制度的创新，使得我国的行政体制改革举步维艰。

（二） 推崇君权至上，不利行政职能转变

儒家强调“三纲五常”，君、父、夫是权力主体。君主权力是至高无上的，无处不在的，覆盖社会的方方面面。在这样的文化传统下，纲常思想在国家的行政管理上产生了相当长远的影响，直到现在，官本位思想仍危害颇大。一方面，人们畏惧权威，畏惧政府权力，缺乏政治民主意识、民主参与意识；另一方面，我国市场经济条件下的“有限政府”发展仍不成熟，政企分开、政事分开、政社分开进程缓慢。这种惯性作用使得行政职能调整更加困难。

（三）注重人情关系，影响高素质行政队伍建设