英国文学重点

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Chapter one

? Two Highlights in the Development of Anglo-Saxon Literature

? The Northumbrian School

Caedmon (the first Anglo-Saxon poet)---Paraphrase

Venerable Bede----father of English history

Epic

? Definition: An extended ?narrative poem in ?elevated(严肃的） or ?dignified(尊严的，高贵的) language, celebrating the feats of a legendary or traditional hero.

Beowulf

? Kenning (p.7-8)

A figurative, usually compound expression used in place of a name or noun, especially in Old English and Old Norse （挪威） poetry; for example, storm of swords is a kenning for battle.

? 隐喻语：尤指古英语和古斯堪的纳维亚语诗中，一种比喻性的，在表名字或名词时常用的复合表达方式，如“剑的风暴” 是 “战争” 的隐喻语

? Alliteration

Alliteration is a form of initial rhyme, or “head rhyme”. It is the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are next to or close to each other.

Chapter two

. The most prevailing form was romance.(p.16-17)

? Romance— Chapter three

John Wycliff(1324-1384)

? He was the first man who translated the Bible into standard English. William Langland(朗格兰)

Piers Plowman, a medieval religious allegory. 中古宗教寓言诗, 《耕者皮尔斯 》

? Allegory

? A literary, dramatic, or pictorial device in which characters and events

stand for abstract ideas, principles, or forces, so that the literal sense has or suggests a parallel, deeper symbolic sense.

? 寓言，讽喻：一种文学、戏剧或绘画的艺术手法，其中人物和事件代表抽象的观点、

原则或支配力，从而使表面含义含有或表达一种对等的，但更深刻的象征意义. ? Chaucer?s Literary Career

? The French Period(1360-1372) the Book of the Duchess.

? The Italian Period(1372 -1386)

e.g. Troilus and Cryseyde The Parliament of Fowls The House of Fame The British Period(1386 --- 1400) (Mature Period) e.g. The Canterbury

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Tales

? Chaucer?s Contributions

? Father of English poetry

? Chaucer, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a

comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life in his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales.

? Chaucer develops characterization to a higher artistic level, i.e.

characters who are morally and socially typical but exquisitely individual and realistic in detail.

? Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to

English poetry to replace the Old English alliterative verse.

? Chaucer used for the first time the .

? Chaucer greatly increased the prestige of English as a literary language

and extended the range of its poetic vocabulary and s. He is considered as a great master of the English language.

John Milton

Paradise Lost Satan’scharastic: rebellion ,proud and somber Paradise Regained

Samson Agonistes

The achievements of Milton

A. Milton is a great revolutionary poet of the 17th century. He is also an

outstanding political pamphleteer of the Revolution period. He dedicated himself to the revolutionary cause. He made a strong influence on the later English poetry. Every progressive English poet since Milton has drawn inspiration from him.

B. Milton is a great stylist（文体家）. His poetry has a grand style. That is because he made a life-long study of classical and Biblical literature. His poetry is noted for sub?limity（崇高） of thought and ?majesty（雄伟） of expression

C.Milton is a great master of blank verse. He is the glorious pioneer to introduce blank verse into non-dramatic poetry. He has used it as the main tool in his masterpiece Paradise Lost. His blank verse is rich in every poetic quality and never monotonous.

D. Milton wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He made a strong influence to later English poetry.

英国古典主义流派

约翰 德莱顿 "桂冠诗人"poet laureate

《论戏剧诗》 An Essay of Dramatic Poesy

约翰 班扬 John Bunyan 代表作《天路历程》The Pilgrim’s Progress寓言形式的讽喻小说

它被后人誉为“最有永恒意义的百科全书,被奉为“心路历程的向导”

对话体小说《恶人先生的生平和死亡》The Life and Death of Mr. Badman(1680), 散文寓言《圣战》The Holy War

Defoe, Daniel

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Swift, Jonathan

Fielding, Henry the history of Tom Jones

Sheridan, Richard Brinsley 《造谣学校》

English lexicographer Letter to Lord Chesterfield《致切斯特菲尔德大人函》

Burns, Robert A Red Red Rose

? Blake, William Songs of Innocence.

Thomas Gray托马斯.格雷

He declined the Poet Laureateship in 1757.

《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》Elegy Written on a Country Churchyard

Chapter four

Popular Ballads

? Definition:

? A ballad is a folk song or orally transmitted poem telling in a

direct and dramatic manner. Some popular stories in ballads usually derive from tragic incidents in local history or legend. The stories are told simply, impersonally(客观的), and often with vivid dialogue.

? The Characteristics of the Popular Ballads

? 1. A ballad usually tells a story, but most of them begin the story

in an abrupt way;

? 2. There are strong dramatic elements;

? 3. The story is often told through action and dialogue;

? 4. The theme is often tragic;

? 5. A ballad has its own metrical structure, called ballad meter;

韵律

Classification of Popular Ballads

? a. the ballads of Robin Hood

? b. border ballads: age-long struggle between Scots and English

? c. the humorous ballads

Sir Thomas Malory

? the author of The Death of Arthur

? It is him who finally compiled together the stories of King Arthur

and the Knights of the Round Table.

? He made great contribution to English Prose.

Chapter five ( humanism)

? Henry Howard, Earl of Surry(苏莱伯爵 )

? The first to give the sonnet its English form—three quatrains(四行诗)

with different rhyme schemes, followed by a couplet(对句) (abab cdcd efef gg)—later known as Shakespearean Sonnet

? The first to introduce blank verse from Latin poetry into English poetry ? Verse consisting of unrhymed lines, usually of iambic pentameter (五

步抑扬格) First introduced by Henry Howard, Earl of Surry, into English from Latin poetry, and then popular among many great poets and

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dramatists.

? Edmund Spenser (1552-1599)

? The greatest poet of the Elizabethan Age;

? The title of “the poet?s poet”

? Spenserian Stanza;

? Main works—masterpiece:

The Faerie Queene The Shepherd?s Calendar

Spenserian Stanza

? A stanza consisting of eight lines of iambic pentameter and a final

alexandrine(亚历山大诗行), rhymed abab bcbc c, first used by Edmund Spenser in The Faerie Queene.

? 斯宾塞式诗节：由爱德蒙·斯宾塞于仙后 中首创这由八个五音步抑扬格诗行以及一

个作结的亚历山大诗行（指十二音节的抑扬格诗行）组成的诗节，押韵方式为 ababbcbcc

? Alexandrine—A line of English verse composed in iambic hexameter,

usually with a caesura after the third foot.

? 亚历山大格式的诗行：一个由六步抑扬格写成的，通常在第三音步后有一停顿的英

语诗行.

? The Faerie Queene(1589-1596)

? an allegorical romance combining the medieval Arthurian legend with

religious and Platonic idealism and political commentary

? Thomas More's Utopia

Bacon's Essays--- Serving for the education of the noble youth

"University Wits"Christopher Marlowe

the Father of English Tragedy.

? Representative Works:

? Tamburlaine the Great (1587 - 1588)

? The Tragical History of Doctore Faustus (1589) --- 浮士德博士的悲剧 ? The Jew of Malta (1590) --- 《马耳它的犹太人》 ?

?

?

? William Shakespeare Dramatic Works Comedy The Tempest * The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Merry Wives of Windsor Measure for Measure **针锋相对/恶有恶报 The Comedy of Errors 错中错 Much Ado About Nothing 无事自扰

Love?s Labour?s Lost

? A Midsummer Night?s Dream

The Merchant of Venice **

As You Like It 如愿

? Taming of the Shrew 驯悍记

All?s Well That Ends Well 皆大欢喜

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Twelfth Night 第十二夜

? The Winter's Tale *

Pericles, Prince of Tyre * (not included in the First Folio)

The Two Noble Kinsmen * (not included in the First Folio) ? Tragedies

Romeo and Juliet

? Macbeth

Hamlet

King Lear

Othello

The achievements of shakespeare

? Shakespeare was a great master of English language. The language of

each of his characters fits his position in society and reveals the peculiarities of his character.

? He commanded a vocabulary larger than any other English writer. He

loved to play with words, or to make puns with them. Sometimes we find it's very difficult to understand him. Shakespeare also created a lot of new words and expressions, thus enriching English language

? Shakespeare is also a great poet. He was skilled in many poetic forms. He

could write songs, lyrics, sonnets, couplets, quatrains, and blank verse. Blank verse is the principal form of his dramas.

sonnet

? A sonnet is a short song in the original meaning of the word.

Later it became a poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter with various rhyming schemes.

Chapter six

Metaphysical poets

The Main Themes

? Love Death Religion

John DonneSongs and Sonnets The Canonization”(垂典入圣） Cavalier Poets

? The cavaliers were royalists, whose poetry was marked by courtliness

（谦恭，礼让）, urbanity（文雅）, and polish（优雅，精良）. They were lyrical poets and dealt chiefly with the theme of love and the theme of “carpe dime”(及时行乐）.