PETS五级英语写作资料

PETS五级英语写作

Drive my thought over the universe, like withered leaves to quicken a new birth! The trumpet of prophecy! O wind! If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?  

Percy Bysshe Shelley

第一部分：困境：

一．评分标准：语言第一位；结构第二位；内容第三位；

二．滔滔不绝意识流：

1） 自由分段不可取；(compact)

2） 语言杂乱不可取；(concise)

3)     一段文章不可取；(concrete)

三．无话可说真难受：

1） 立论法: 广告效应，（P114）电脑时代，技术改变生活， 大学学费上涨，学习和成功的关系，(P154: 朋友和家庭，电视上瘾, 劣质产品, 城乡差距), 环境保护的重要性

驳论法:是否应该购买外国货,是否应该禁放烟花爆竹

四．思维跳跃断层多：

启：first, at present, first of all, above all, at the first place, on the one hand, for one thing, to begin with, 为第一观点。

承：second, on the other hand, in addition, additionally, moreover, what is more, furthermore, third, last but not least,为第二观点

转: But, however, nevertheless, on the contrary, unlike, otherwise, conversely, unfortunately, whereas, unfortunately, surprisingly, ironically

合：Accordingly, therefore, as a result, consequently, in conclusion, to sum up, in general, on the whole, by and large, in brief, briefly speaking

因果：due to/ owing to/thanks to/as a result of + 名词

      ___ in order to + 动词

      Along with/Coupled with + 名词

      As/since/because+句子

      Coupled with A is B that contributes to (is responsible for) C

引用：As the saying goes, as somebody put it,

句型首尾：Given all the above factors, it is safe to reach the conclusion that

Taking into account all the above factors, it is reasonable to reach the conclusion

五、低级错误常出现:

三一致：主谓一致;时态一致;人称一致；两不能：不能串句，不能断句

第二部分：写作流程和模版

Issue

1) 起始段写法

方法(1),先复述原题, 表明立场

The speaker asserts that _________. Although the speaker’s position is not wholly insupportable, far more compelling arguments can be made for _______.

2) 复述原题,指出其复杂性,说明自己的立场

The issue that _______ is a complex one, since it involves a conflict between _____ and _______. In my view, the final judgment should depend on a case-by-case analysis of two key factors.

3) 复述两种立场,表明立场

Since the 1960s, there has been some heated discussion on the ________. Some people maintain that __________, while other people argue that _______. By comparison, I tend to favor latter point of view.

2)中间段写法

方法(1)有让步的同意

To begin with, compared with the past, great changes have taken place in the ________. As a result, ________. With the time goes by, it is natural that ________. What’s more,  （原因2）the pattern of ______as a whole also undergoes certain dramatic transformation. So _________.（原因3）Finally, the country has, for the past decades, witnessed an upsurge of ______. So nowadays, a variety of modern technical devices are available. By and by, the young people find it more convenient to contact their parents through telephone or E-mails instead of staying with their parents. Those who advocate _________ might point out that ______. Even so, the situation is not absolute, nor is it the most critical element. As a matter of fact, ______.

方法(2)有让步的不同意

Admittedly, those who preach about the so-called advantages of _____ do contain some element of truth. For instance, __________. Nevertheless, these arguers tend to neglect three other essential factors, the most important of which, I propose, is that ________. Additionally, numerous studies have shown that _________. Finally, suppose ______ who ______. Surely enough, ____________.

方法(3)拒绝选择立场

Since the 1960s, the world has witnessed some dramatic changes in the _______. Under such conditions, it is not uncommon that ______________. For example, ________. In some other instances, however, the above-mentioned situation is not always adequate. For instance, suppose _________ who _______. Surely enough, _________. Another exception to this approach is the case of _______. Admittedly, these are exceptional cases , yet they do exist.

3)结论段

方法(1) 重申立场

In conclusion, __________.

方法(2) 重申立场,提一些建议措施

Given the considerations above, it is safe to conclude that ______has exerted impacts on the sustainable development of _____, but what measures should be taken to arrest and reverse this situation? ______are expected to launch comprehensive projects that attach due importance to ______. For another thing, people in urban areas, ______ in particular, are expected to enhance their awareness that _______.   Many options still exist, and human beings can still have a bright future under a harmonious family atmosphere. As an old saying goes, “______.”  

ISSUE写作 “五不能”

1) 观点不能缺乏角度

2) 观点绝对不能化

3) 专业术语不能过多

4) 例证陈腐不能陈腐

5) 不能过度依赖个人经历

Argumentation

1) 起始段

方法(1)

Since the 1960s, there has been some heated discussion on the ______. Some people maintain that _________. What they preach about does contain some elements of truth, however, through decades of observation and practice, it turns out that their statement has many restrictions.

方法(2)

The author of this argument claims that _________. To support this claim the author cites certain evidence involving his own experience and observation with the issue. However, close scrutiny of this evidence reveals that it lends little credit for the author’s assertion.

方法(3)

The statement endorsed in this remark is that _______. However, this argument involves the sort of gross oversimplification and emotional appeal typical of eloquence and rhetoric. For this reason, it is rather convincing.

2) 拓展段: 首先承认前者观点的合理之处, 然后找到至少两点坏处

方法(1)

Admittedly, those who preach about the so-called advantages of _____ do contain some element of truth. For instance, __________. Nevertheless, these arguers tend to neglect three other essential factors. First, ______. Second, _______. Third and last, _______.To sum up, the notion held by the author is not justified.

方法(2)

The major problem with this argument is that __________. Another problem that undermines the argument above is that _______. Granted that ________, it doesn’t follow that __________.

方法(3)

Admittedly, the idea held by those who __________ does contain an element of truth. For example, according to the survey,_________. But these arguers tend to ignore two other essential aspects. First, the arguers fail to take into account the possibility that __________. In this sense, ______is not always synonymous to ________. Second, the arguers’ assertion doesn’t provide sufficient data to narrow down the exact extent of the financial loss.  Therefore, any further conclusion addressing the problem of space research must be based on thorough investigation.  As a matter of fact, ___________.In this respect, money return is not the sole hallmark of the space research. Given reasons above, the argument above, under a careful examination, turns out to be groundless in its hasty conclusion.

3) 结论段写法

方法(1) 总结漏洞

In conclusion, the arguers’ evidence lends little credible support to her claim. To persuade people that space research is a waste of money, the arguers would need to provide clear evidence, sufficient data and thorough cost-benefit analysis of alternatives

方法(2)提出建议措施

Given the considerations above, it is safe to conclude that ______has exerted impacts on the sustainable development of _____, but what measures should be taken to arrest and reverse this situation? For one thing, ______are expected to launch comprehensive projects that attach due importance to ______. For another thing, people in urban areas, ______ in particular, are expected to enhance their awareness that _______.   Many options still exist, and human beings can still have a bright future under a harmonious family atmosphere. As an old saying goes, “______.”

第三部分:范文

Directions:

It has been more than 30 years since man first landed on the moon. Some people think that space research is a waste of money. Write an essay of no less than 250 words. 

范文（1）

Directions:

It has been more than 30 years since man first landed on the moon. Some people think that space research is a waste of money. Write an essay of no less than 250 words.

范文（1）

When it comes to the issue of space research, people vary in their views. Some journalists or free lancers maintain that it is a waste of money. However, through decades of practice and observation, it proves that this comment has many limitations.

Admittedly, the idea that space research is a waste of money does contain an element of truth. But the people who criticize the rising cost of space exploration tend to ignore two other essential aspects.  To begin with, a nation can make the best use of its technology in space plans to serve the need of other countries. Therefore, the country in its space research can profit greatly from data exchange or rocket launching. In this sense, the financial return from the space plans will possibly far exceed the amount of the investment. What is more, through its space exploration, a nation can have more information about new material or the movement of heavenly bodies. All these results cannot be measured by money, but they are very important for the human beings. 

Given the reasons above, it is safe to conclude that a nation has to enhance its awareness that space research is important for the human beings. On the other hand, central authorities is obliged to take broad actions to encourage space study. Still, Federal Government is expected to set aside sufficient fund each year rather than reducing it. Only in this way can space research develop quickly and benefit human beings in the future.(266 words)

范文（2）

Since the 1960s, there has been some heated discussion on the feasibility of space research. Some people, free lancers or columnists in particular, always emphasize that it involves the bulk of investment that never expects financial reward. However, through years of practice and observation, this statement turns out to have a number of restrictions.

Admittedly, the idea held by the people who lament over the annual budget in a package of space projects does contain an element of truth. But these arguers tend to ignore two other essential aspects. First, they fail to take into consideration the possibility that a country can utilize its cutting-edge technology in the moon landing projects, thus profiting significantly from satellite development, data transmission or rocket lift-off. In this sense, space investment is not always synonymous to a waste of money. Second, the arguers’ assertion doesn’t provide sufficient data to narrow down the exact extent of the financial loss.  Therefore, any further conclusion addressing the problem of space research must be based on thorough investigation.  As a matter of fact, space research and exploration provides the primary incentive for the development of space shuttles, space stations and sky labs, let alone other benefits from the discovery of rare material to the observation of new heavenly orbs. In this respect, money return is not the sole hallmark of the space research. Given reasons above, the argument above, under scrutiny, tend to be groundless in its hasty conclusion. 

In conclusion, the arguers’ evidence lends little credible support to her claim. To persuade people that space research is a waste of money, the arguers would need to provide clear evidence, sufficient data and thorough cost-benefit analysis of alternatives.  (280words)

Issue:

Direction:

It is generally acknowledged that families are now not as close as they used to be. Give reasons and recommendations.

范文(1)

Recently there has been some heated discussion on the family relationship The issue that families are now not as close as they used to be is a complex one, since it involves a conflict of values. In my view, the final judgment will depended on a combination of two (three) essential aspects.

(原因1)Compared with the past, great changes have taken place in the size of a family life. As a result, the young people are more willing to live in their smaller family units rather than sharing the same apartment with the parents. With the time goes by, it is natural that family members are not as closed as they used to be. （原因2）Additionally, the pattern of social production as a whole also undergoes certain dramatic transformation.  So the younger generation usually work under such a pressure that they seldom have enough time to stay with their parents. Gradually, The concept of a large family is fading from their minds. （原因3）Finally, the country has, for the past decades, witnessed an upsurge of scientific technology. So nowadays, a variety of modern technical devices are available. By and by, the young people find it more convenient to contact their parents through telephone or E-mails instead of staying with their parents.

In view of such social phenomenon, it is imperative to take some urgent steps. For one thing, young generation is expected to enhance their awareness that a closed family is crucial for their parents. For another thing, the media, in collaboration with government departments concerned, is obliged to take concrete measures to encourage the young people to spend more time with their family members. Only in this way can a closed family be maintained.

(298 words)

范文（2）

Recently there has been some heated discussion on the family relationship. The issue that families are currently not as intimate as they seem to be is a complex one, since it involves a conflict between traditional values of family unification and the modern ones . In my view, the final judgment will depend on a combination of two (three) essential aspects.

At the first place, with the progress of a society, some people, the younger ones after the baby booms in particular, are more inclined to live in smaller family units. As a result, they will surely spend less time staying with their parents, thus creating certain isolation with their parents.  At the second place, the change of production mode also offers a convincing interpretation of such social phenomenon. More often than not, young people, under the fierce social competition, tend to work longer hours. Under such conditions, it is not uncommon that they are deprived of any leisure moment, let alone sharing some time with their families. Gradually, the concept of a closed family fades from their consciousness. Finally, technical upsurge is also a major source of such a social observation, for if young people can resort to more effective means of communication such as telephones or E-mails, they will probably keep in touch with their families electronically rather than enjoying a dinner with them.

Given the reasons above, it is safe to conclude that alienation has exerted negative impacts on the sustainable development of a family, but what measures should be taken to arrest and reverse this situation? Governments at all levels are expected to launch comprehensive projects that attach due importance to a closed family. Although these plans are geographically and culturally specific, they must contain a key element: education. By education I mean consensus among the young people that a closed family is an indispensable part in an ever-changing society. Many options still exist, and human beings can still have a bright future under a harmonious family atmosphere. As an old saying goes, “East or west, home is the best.” (344words)

第四部分：合理选择立场

With the increasing popularity of the Internet, someone says," The more friends you get on line, the fewer friends you will have around you." Write an essay (about 250 words) expressing your views on the statement.

立论写法:

Recently, there has been heated discussion on the increasing popularity of the Internet. Some people emphasized that individuals are so indulged in Internet browse and surfing that they increasingly feel isolated from the reality. As someone says: “ the more friends one gets on line, the fewer he has around him.” The issue above is rather complex, for it involves a conflict between two divergent means of communication. The final judgment, I am afraid, rests upon a combination of three essential aspects.

To begin with, great changes have taken place in the scientific technology. As a result, Internet, the gem of the twentieth century, always provides people with the up-to-date information. With time goes by, it is natural that people, teenagers in particular, rely on computers for information rather than turning to their friends and relatives. What is more, the means of communication as a whole also undergoes certain dramatic transformation. Accordingly, the younger generation, with the aid of electric mailboxes, QQ or on-line chats, can successfully contact their parents or colleagues. Gradually, E-mails, the symbol of convenience, tends to replace such traditional means such as weekend dinners and celebrating parties Some observers might point out that the traditional means of communication will not fade away, and sooner or later people will be aware of their importance. Even so, the situation is not absolute, nor is it the most critical element. As a matter of fact, the distance between two locations, the time spent on transport vehicles as well as exhaustion from jobs will definitely compel people to choose more effective and convenient methods to keep contact with others.

To sum up, it is safe to conclude that along with the computer boom, a growing number of people will rely on Internet to communicate with others. However, while they are doing so, it is likely that they have fewer friends around them.

(310 words)

驳论写法

Since the 1960s, debates have been fueled on the ideal means of communication. Some observers, free lancers and columnists in particular, often emphasize that the more friends one has on line, the fewer one has in his life. However, through decades of practice and observation, it turns out that their statement has many restrictions.

Admittedly, the idea held by those observers does contain an element of truth. For example, along with the computer boom, Internet, the gem of twentieth century scientific technology, is playing an increasingly important role in the means of communication. But these arguers tend to ignore two other essential aspects. First, they fail to take into account the possibility that a variety of technical devices are available. As a result, people can resort to telephones or faxes to maintain a more intimate human relationship. In this sense, the popularity of Internet is not always synonymous to the emotional isolations between people. Second, the arguers’ assertion doesn’t provide sufficient data to narrow down the exact number of computer users who seldom contact their parents or colleagues. Therefore, any further conclusion addressing the problem must be based on thorough investigation.  As a matter of fact, dinner parties, celebrating parties as well as other social activities always successfully bring people together. In this respect, the upsurge of electric contact is not the sole hallmark of the decrease of closed friends. Given reasons above, the argument above, under a careful examination, turns out to be groundless in its hasty conclusion. 

In conclusion, the arguers’ evidence lends little credible support to their claim. To persuade people that the more friends one has on line, the fewer friends one has in his life, the arguers would need to provide clear evidence, sufficient data and thorough cost-benefit analysis of alternatives.(297 words)

不问实际情况硬写的结果

It is generally believe that nowadays, Internet is become common stools in people’s lives. First, it give people a way to understand the outside world. But, everything has two sides, computers are sometimes bad. The more frequent we use computers, the less likely we get to know other people. What a terrible scene if we have a computer, but not friends!

Why this happened? At the first place, when we use computers, we read from them, learn from them and print them. Therefore we may think: “ Because computers do us a lot, why bother other people.” Last but not the least, when people play on the internet and talk on the internet, they feel lonely because they have no friends in the real life. In addition, internet delivers mails fastly without any hesitation, so people prefer using then again and again. And they are not willing to visit their friends. What is more, when we use computers for a long time, we are tired and want to go to bed to sleep. I am a hardworking student who is specialized with computer application. Once upon a time, I spend ten hours on computers. As last, I tired, and suddenly I lost my mind and dropped down from downstairs. But for help from my roommates, I would not live in physics and spirit. You see, computers almost kill me. I owe greatly to my friends and wish that I could live as long as them.

What should we do in this situation? We must control computer. For one thing, we must know that it is not good to spend too much time on computers. Of course, most computers do us good, but some others do us harm, such as helping to cheat on line. As we know, we must use computers to serve our needs rather than falling to a slave to them. Only in this way can we have a better life.(317 words)

练习题（1）

Many technological innovations have been “double-edged swords” with positive and negative effects on society at large. The automobile is one of such innovations. What do you think is the overall impact of automobiles on society? Write an expository essay (about 300 words) expressing your views on it.

写法(1)利弊对比,但是拒绝选择立场

The issue that the automobile production is a double-edged sword is rather complex, since it involves a conflict between industrial expansion and the strategy of sustainable development. However, the final judgment should depend on a case-by-case analysis of several key factors. 

Since the 1960s, the world has witnessed some dramatic changes in the automobile technology. As a result, a growing number of transport vehicles have been manufactured, thus providing citizens with growing convenience and efficiency. Additionally, some economists believe that automobile production contributes to the national economy by paying more tax and providing more job vacancies. For example, In the United States or Japan, automobile industry remains the backbone of their marketing economy, the primary source of national wealth and the major provider of jobs. However, in some other instances, the above-mentioned situation is not always adequate. For instance, suppose a car that is poorly designed and gives off such poisonous gas as monoxide, methane or acetylene. Surely enough, the more cars a company manufactured, the more likely automobile production should be responsible for the environmental degradation of urban regions and the worsening health of the citizens. Another exception to this approach is the case of traffic congestion.  Admittedly, when vehicles of various kinds rush to the same avenue, traffic jams invariably occur, which always gives rise to delays or accidents. These are exceptional cases, yet they do exist.

Given the analysis above, it is justified to conclude that a proper use of automobiles has to be emphasized. For one thing, governmental departments are obliged to take concrete measures to boost automobile production while keeping track of the emission of pollutants. For another thing, citizens should be aware of the corresponding side effects while enjoying the leisure of their car ride. Only in this way can they benefit greatly from the rapid growth of automobile manufacture. (305 words)

写法(2)先利后弊,倒向一边

Recently there has been some heated discussion on the positive and negative effects the automobile has brought to a society. Some economists believe that the automobile companies contribute to the world economy by paying more taxes and securing more employments, while other people argue that vehicles of various kinds are the primary source of air pollution and traffic jam, therefore it is not proper to exaggerate the benefit of automobile production. By comparison, the latter point of view tends to be rather convincing.

Admittedly, The idea held by those economists does contain an element of truth. For example, a nice car always offers more convenience while a man are on a business trip or go for an excursion on holiday. Nevertheless, they tend to neglect certain  negative effects that may arise. First of all, automobiles give off a large amount of poisonous gas and pollute our environment. Second, as more cars are produced, they will probably rush to the same street at the same time. As a result, traffic jams often occur every day, especially during the rush hours. Third and last, although more cars have been produced, the drivers lack adequate training. Consequently, unskilled drivers are often primarily responsible for more car accidents, which in some cases, cost people precious lives. Some economists may also point out that automobile production is the primary source of national wealth. Even so, the situation is not absolute, nor is it the most critical element. As a matter of fact, monetary gain is not the sole hallmark of a happy life, and people are not expected to sacrifice their health for material luxury.

Given the analysis above, it is justified to conclude that a proper use of automobiles has to be emphasized. For one thing, governmental departments are obliged to take concrete measures to boost automobile production while keeping track of the emission of pollutants. For another thing, citizens should be aware of the corresponding side effects while enjoying the leisure of their car ride. Only in this way can they benefit greatly from the rapid growth of automobile manufacture.

 (348 words)

练习提（2）

Throughout China, there has been a strong emphasis on quality education. However, schoolwork is still a heavy weight on pupils'' back. Write a short argumentative essay（about 300 words）explaining your point of view.

Since the 1980s, debates have been fueled on the ideal means of education. Some observers often emphasize that although schoolwork is regarded as a heavy weight on pupils’back, it improves students’ understanding and proficiency in a particular subject. However, through decades of practice and observation, it turns out that their statement has many restrictions.

Admittedly, the idea held by those arguers does contain an element of truth. For example, excessive school assignments, the symbols of academic burden, can successfully boost the academic ability of a student in certain subjects, literal arts in particular. But these arguers tend to ignore two other essential aspects. First, they fail to take into account the possibility that a student overwhelmed with a gigantic task of spelling or calculating is often deprived of other potentials such as imagination and creation, which are equally important for the sustainable development of a child. In this sense, the monotonous academic practice is not always synonymous to the inspiration of a balanced and healthy personality. Second, the arguers’ assertion doesn’t provide sufficient data to narrow down the exact correlation between the amount of assignment and the future academic success. Therefore, any further conclusion addressing the problem must be based on thorough investigation.  As a matter of fact, the educational approach orientated in the mastery and memory of certain information often crams a learner with irrelevant facts or confusing logic. By comparison, quality education tends to be ideal, for it aims at boosting one’s ability, inspiring one’s imagination and cultivating one’s understanding of the world. Given reasons above, the argument that the increase of academic training is central in the development of one’s quality, under a careful scrutiny, turns out to be groundless in its hasty conclusion. 

What measures should be taken so that people can benefit from the current educational system? For one thing, the learners, teenagers in particular, are expected to enhance their awareness that examinations are not the sole purpose of their study. For another thing, teachers and educationalists are obliged to initiate creative projects that tailor to the sustainable development of a child. Only in this way can a child enjoy the greatest from their learning, thus paving a way for their prospective career. (361 words)

练习提（3）

Teachers pay little attention to those school failures, assuming that academic failure means failure in everything. What do you think of this attitude? Write a short argumentative essay(about 300 words) explaining your view.

Since the 1980s, there has been heated discussion on the correlation between the academic failure and the sustainable development of a child. Some teachers emphasize that academic failure will deprive a student of any opportunity to further his college education, thus bringing about disastrous changes to his prospective career. However, through numerous practices and observations, it turns out that their statement has many restrictions.

Admittedly, the idea held by those arguers does contain an element of truth. For example, the repeated academic failure will definitely leave a man frustrated, hence often casting a shadow on his mood. But these arguers tend to ignore two other essential aspects. First, they fail to take into account the possibility that many people, though presenting a poor academic performance at school, turn out to be outstanding in realms other than their original academic research and study. Consider Charles Darwin who often flunked in his medical study. He later became the founder of the Natural Selection and Evolution. In this sense, the academic frustration is not always synonymous to the bankruptcy of one’s future professional career. Second, the teachers’ assertion doesn’t provide sufficient data to narrow down the exact correlation between the academic competence and the future achievement. Therefore, any further conclusion addressing the problem must be based on thorough investigation.  As a matter of fact, when Albert Einstein was young, he couldn’t properly complete certain simple calculation. But he finally established himself as the founder of the Theory of Relativity. Given reasons above, the argument that the academic failure means failure in everything, under a careful scrutiny, turns out to be groundless in its hasty conclusion. 

In conclusion, these teachers’ evidence lends little credible support to their claim. To persuade people that academic success is central in one’s career, those teachers would need to provide clear evidence, sufficient data and thorough cause and-effect analysis of alternatives.(311 words)

练习题（4）

  The command of one or more foreign languages is now a valuable asset for young people. While some find it easy to learn a foreign language, others feel that it really gives them headaches. Write a 300-word expository essay illustrating different kinds of language learners.

The issue whether a good command of one foreign language is rather complex, since it involves a conflict between the divergent motives in language learning and the suitable approaches dealing with the target language. However, the final judgment should depend on a case-by-case analysis of several key factors. 

To begin with, since the 1980s, China has witnessed some dramatic changes in its relationship with other countries. As a result, more foreign companies have already invested in China. Under such situation, it is not surprising at all that a growing number of people, young ones in particular, are particularly interested in foreign language learning, for their linguistic competence will probably be a passport to an esteemed joint venture or bring to them a vacancy with the handsome salary. Additionally, some observers believe that sufficient financial support from the renowned educational institutions abroad also contribute to the rise of language learners. For example, In China, if a student performs well in such tests as TOEFL or GRE, he is more likely to be admitted by a foreign university. This consideration can also partly account for the increase of language learners. However, in some other instances, the above-mentioned situation is not always adequate. For instance, it is quite possible that a man learns a language out of his interest, or he is planning to work as an interpreter Surely enough, these are exceptional cases, yet they do exist.

Given the analysis above, it is justified to conclude that it is a social phenomenon nowadays that more people begin to learn a foreign language. But what measures should be taken so that language learners can benefit from their study? For one thing, they are expected to enhance their awareness that proper approaches are central in the language study. For another thing, they must attach importance to such basics as grammar, pronunciation or spelling. Still, they must bear in mind that it requires painstaking efforts to take a good command of a foreign language. As Samuel Johnson put it, “Words can’t move mountains. It is diligence that accounts.” (332 words)

第六部分：工具箱

EDUCATION

Prejudices, it is well know, are most difficult to eradicate from the heart whose soil has never been loosened or fertilized by education; they grow there, firm as weeds among rocks. (Charlotte Bronte: English novelist)

Education is a progressive discovery of our own ignorance. (William Durant: Founder of General Motors)

Study can serve for delight, discourses and ability.(Francis Bacon: English essayist, statesman and philosopher.)

The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet. (Aristotle: Ancient Greek philosopher)

Education is an admirable thing, but it is well to remember from time to time that nothing that is worth knowing can be taught."(Oscar Wilde: English Dramatist)

THINKING

The men of experiment are like the ant, they only collect and use; the reasoners resemble spiders, which make cobwebs out of their own substance. But the bee takes the middle course: it gathers its material from the flowers of the garden and field, but transforms and digests it by a power of its own. (Francis Bacon)

Humanity needs practical men,. But humanity also needs dreamers,

Give me a lever long enough and a fulcrum on which to place it, and I shall move the world.

Science is organized knowledge. Wisdom is organized life.

LIFE

You don't get to choose how you're going to die. Or when. You can only decide how you're going to live.

Look and you will find it----what is unsought will go undetected.(Sophocles)

Life is a promise. Fulfill it.

Great minds have purposes, little minds have wishes (Irving, Washington)

Success is never final (Winston Churchill)

ATTITUDE:

Trust yourself. Each heart vibrating on that iron string. (Ralph Emerson)

Confidence is the companion of success. (Unknown)

Make the most of yourself, for that is all there is of you.  (Ralph Waldo Emerson)

If you really put a small value upon yourself, rest assured that the world will not raise your price (Unknown)

Always bear in mind that your own resolution to succeed is more important than any other one thing (Abraham Lincoln)

Small opportunities are often the beginning of great enterprises.

DIFFICULTY AND COURAGE

Never leave that "till tomorrow which you can do today. (Benjamin Franklin) 

If you lose hope, somehow you lose the vitality that keeps life moving, you lose that courage to be, that quality that helps you go on in spite of it all. And so today I still have a dream.(Martin Luther King)

In the middle of difficulty lies opportunity (Albert Einstein)  

Difficulties increase the nearer we get to the goal (Goethe)

The pessimist sees difficulty in every opportunity. The optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty.

DILIGENCE

Happiness is not the mere possession of money; it lies in the joy of achievement, in the thrill of creative effort.(Franklin Roosevelt)

Diligence is the mother of good luck. (Thomas Fuller)

Diligence is the mother of good fortune, and idleness, its opposite, never brought a man to the goal of any of his best wishes

The expectations of life depend upon diligence; the mechanic that would perfect his work must first sharpen his tools.(Confucius)

Few things are impossible to diligence and skill. Great works are performed not by strength, but perseverance.(Samuel Johnson)

GOALS

If you want to live a happy life, tie it to the goal, not the people or the things. (Albert Einstein)

Success is not final. Failure is not fatal. It is the courage to continue that counts.(Winston Churchill)

Set your goals high, and don’t stop until you get there.

Words can’t move mountains. It is diligence that accounts.

To strive, to seek, to find, but not to yield (Tennyson)

LOVE

The best and most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen or even touched.
They must be felt with the heart (Helen Keller)

Love is patient; love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast,
it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered,
and it keeps no record of wrongs.  Love does not delight in evil
but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts,
always hopes, and always perseveres. Love never fails. (Holy Bible Corinth)

TEAMWORK

Trust men and they will be true to you; treat them greatly, and they will show themselves great.(Emerson)

Separated we fall. United we stand. (Lincoln)

As long as they think alike, a few people can move a mountain. (Chinese proverb)

Coming together is beginning. Gathering together is process. Working together is success. (Henry Ford)

一些典型例证

1． 环境保护

大气污染：关键词：sulfur dioxide(二氧化硫，一氧化碳)

Although substantial progress had been made, sulfur dioxide and monoxide levels were up 25 percent nationally and particulates were increased by more than 14 percent. What is more, pollution levels in a dozen cities were higher than those of 1970. Of 20,000 major stationary sources of air pollution, about 5,000 failed to meet the schedules, and well over half the steel plants and nonferrous smelters in the United States continued to be in violation of federal regulations.

核污染(Chernobyl: 切尔诺贝利核事故)

On April 26, 1986, another serious incident alarmed the world. One of four nuclear reactors at Chernobyl', about 130 km (about 80 mi) north of Kyiv (now in Ukraine) in the USSR, exploded and burned. Radioactive material spread over Scandinavia and northern Europe, as discovered by Swedish observers on April 28. According to the official report issued in August, the accident was caused by unauthorized testing of the reactor by its operators. Radiation about 50 times higher than that at Three Mile Island exposed people nearest the reactor, and a cloud of radioactive fallout spread westward. Unlike most reactors in western countries, including the United States, the reactor at Chernobyl' did not have a containment building. Such a structure could have prevented material from leaving the reactor site.

动物保护(关键词：bald eagles, wildcats, buffalos)

More animals have been found on the verge of extinction. Recently, the Federal Government has put wild cats, bald eagles on the list. And buffalos had almost been erased from the American continent.

2．沉迷网络(关键词：boost self-confidence增强自信, take refuge：逃避现实，stress:压力，withdraw: 离群

According to psychologists, many young people suffering from shyness also risk becoming addicted to computers. Success with computers provides them with the self-confidence they lack in their personal lives. Zimbardo fears that shy youngsters who take refuge in the computer may fail to learn and practice important social skills needed later in life.

4.  盗版产品（safeguard intellectual property，CD, videos, CD-ROMs, counterfeit trademarks）

In March, China and the United States averted a trade war when they reached an agreement to safeguard U.S. intellectual property rights and ban the sale of pirated compact disks, videos, CD-ROMs, and counterfeit trademark goods including jeans, jackets and T-shirts. .

5.  交通堵塞(关键词：Tokyo, narrow lanes, radiating highways, overcrowded, parking, blaring vehicles.)

Much of the street pattern of Tokyo dates to historic times and is made of narrow, crooked lanes that are unsuitable for heavy use by automobiles. The radiating highways and expressways that were put in to modernize the road network are usually badly overcrowded, and traffic moves at a slow pace. Parking is a major problem. A person must provide proof of an off-street, overnight parking space to own a car in Tokyo.

6.  禁烟运动：（关键词：smoking and bronchitis, heart attacks lung cancer, live lost,

According to the recent surveys, cigarette smoking is at least responsible for some diseases such as bronchitis, heart attacks and lung cancer. Worse still, approximately three million people die from their excessive smoking. And unless some measures were taken, the toll would be increasing in the future.

7. 追星：（关键词：make  nonsense of values in the society; a frivolous contribution to the society, artificially created reputation, lack of real talent, mass hysteria among young people, create fashions, way of life, style of dress, drug-taking, ）

Individuals, teenagers in particular, tend to be more impressed by such superficial elements of a star: the way of his life, the style of his dress. However, these youngsters fail to realize that most of these elements are mostly artificially created reputation. More often than not, all the entertainment reports are meant to increase the star’s popularity among the young people so that new demand can be created. What’s more, some pop stars, under scrutiny, show a quite different image. Some of them turn out to be drug addicts; others lack the real talent; quite a few of them make a nonsense value in the society. All in all, star worship is nothing more than a part of market promotion. It creates mass hysteria among young people, but makes frivolous contribution to the society.

8. 考试和能力（关键词：an efficient and reliable method of testing knowledge; test of memory, working under pressure, create anxiety, dropouts, suicides, deprive people of free learning, creation, imagination, a more healthy attitude toward success and failure. ）

Admittedly, tests do contribute to the current educational system. After all, throughout centuries, they remain to be the most efficient and reliable method to pick the most talented applicants in almost every field. However, exams tend to emphasize the memory of information. By comparison, some essential elements such as freedom, creation and imagination are to a large extent ignored. There is another disadvantage, that is, tests frequently put people under pressure, create numbers of dropouts and in some extreme cases, are partially responsible for the suicides of some students.

9. 爱心

Numerous cases exist to illustrate how important love is. Consider Miss Sullivan, the governess of Helen Keller. But for her considerate care and sincere love, Helen Keller would probably live in a shadow world forever. Sure enough, it is Sullivan’s back up that enlightens the girl, who is blind and deaf. It is Sullivan’s support that finally creates Helen Keller as one of the most outstanding writers in the world.

10. 友谊(关键词：friends, family members, social support, emotional sustenance, tangible resources, aid, a sense of belonging to a social network.)

Support from friends, family members, and others who care for us to go a long way in helping us to get by in times of trouble. Social support systems provide us with emotional sustenance, tangible resources and aid, and information when we are in need. People with social support feel cared about and valued by others and feel a sense of belonging to a larger social network.

或者：

Though scorned by some critics as to have misled readers with the false standard of friendship, the relationship between Antonio and Bassanio, the clue in Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice, is also regarded as an exemplary case to illustrate the ideal of friendship. Isn’t it a blessing to have a friend like Antonio, who in order to help his friend, would rather sign a bond with Shylock, promising to a pond his flesh to repay his debt. On the other hand, isn’t it a comfort for souls to have a friend like Bassanio, who would be ready to pay any price to Shylock for the sole purpose of saving Antonio’s life. Surely enough, the relationship between the two has been gradually transformed to an ideal of friendship, social support and aid.

In spite of the ideological conflicts, the relationship between Carl Marx and Friedrich Engles is also regarded as an exemplary case to illustrate the ideal of friendship. Isn’t it a blessing to have a friend like Engles, who commute between London and Manchester, remitting money to Marx. Surely enough, but for Engle’s support, Marx would not have completed his towering works, the Capital. In this case, the relationship between the two has been gradually transformed to an ideal of friendship, social support and comradeship.

11. 成功和失败

At any rate, patience and perseverance remains a tunnel directing people from a shadowy passageway of frustration to the land of glorious victory. Consider Samuel Johnson, the British essayist. In spite of poverty and unemployment, he never quitted his attitude. Thanks to his overwhelming patience and determination, he eventually completed a Herculean work in the history of English language, the first Dictionary of English in the world.

Some websites for reference

http://www.nytimes.com/

http://time.com/

http://www.voanews.com

http://www.freetimes.com

第五部分：完型填空练习

练习（1）

The autumn rains had come in with two angry storms, and Lazy River was waking up. In a week school (1)_____ be closed for Easter vacation. Dick and Turkey planned t have a trip by boat, (2)_____ they collected maps and statistics of the entire inland river system. Water levels down Lazy River; levels down the Namoi; along the Darling and the Murray; all were (3)____ their fingertips. They were very happy because now(4) ______, it appeared, except the joy of voyaging lay (5)_____them and the Southern Ocean r Central Queensland. It was clear to them(6)______ Australia’s early explorers had(7) _____ a big mistake toiling overland when they (8)______ have opened up the continent rapidly and pleasantly with paddle and pole.

It was at this stage(9) _____ Dick’s father put his foot down.

“Now listen, you chap, ” he said quietly, “It begins to lok like a wet autumn and the river is already(10) ______ wild. A few days’ rain or a wicked storm or two(11) _____ it will flood. I am not going to(12) ______ your mother worrying herself sick about you. I know you’re (13)______ n the trip but flood aren’t (14)____ anyone can fool with. You can go for a camp if you like, but no further(15) _____ six miles from home; and of course you will camp(16) _____ the flood level. ”

It was(17) _____ a blow to their inter-state dreams, (18)_____ the boys had to concede, on reflection, that what their father said was reasonable.(19) _______ they told their classmates Fred Ingleton at school on Monday about their father’s suggestion, he became suddenly cheerful.

“That’s(20) ______ my dad said,” he grinned, “Now he might let me go with you. He reckons you made a decent swimmer of me. ” 

练习（2）

In the debate over genetically-altered foods, proponents like Senator Richard Lugar argued that such products will be essential(1)____ we are to feed the world.

(2)_____this claim rests on two persistent misconceptions about hunger. First, (3)_____ people are hungry because of high population density, (4)______second, that genetic engineering is the best or only way to meet our future needs.

In (5) ____, there is no relationship between the prevalence of hunger in a given country and its population. (6)_______ every densely populated and hungry nation like Bangladesh, there is a sparsely populated and hungry nation like Brazil.

The world today produced more food per (7) _____ than ever before. Enough is available to provide 2 kilograms to every person every day. The real problems, (8) ______, are poverty and inequality. Too many people are too poor (9)_______ buy food that is available (10)_______ lack land on which to grow it (11)________. As a matter of fact, some researchers have shown that (12)______ of the generically-engineered seeds significantly increases the (13)_______ of crops.

Far from (14)_____ a solution to the world’s hunger problem, the rapid introduction of generically-engineered crops(15)  ____ actually threaten agriculture and food security.

(16)______, widespread adoption of herbicide-resistant seeds may (17)_____ to greater use of chemicals (18)_____ kill weeds. And biological pollution from generically organisms may be another problem.

A true solution (19) _____ the problem of hunger depends on attacking poverty and inequality among both producers and consumers of food. (20)_________ food system increasingly dependent on genetically altered takes us in the wrong direction.

练习（3）

It is customary to regard the course of history as a great river, (1) _____ its source in some small rivulet of the distant past, taking its rise (2) _____ the plains of Asia, and flowing slowly down through the ages, gathering water from new tributaries on the way, (3) ______ finally in our own days broadens majestically over the whole world. Men have even personified this (4) _____, made of it a being (5) ______ develops of its own volition, following its own laws (6) ______ the achievement of some preconceived goal. They have spoken of the “dialectic of ideas, ” and regarded men and whole civilization (7)_____ the passive instrument employed by this great Being (8) ______ the working-put of its purposes. The observer not already committed to faith in such an interpretation find (9) ____ difficult to discern any such steady sweep in the course of human events, (10) ______ above all he feels that to look upon humanity as a passive tool to which things are done and with which the end are (11) ______, is a falsification of the fact that it is men (12) _____ have made history and not history which has made men. Men have built up civilization, men have patiently and laboriously found (13) ______ every way of doing things and toilingly worked out nearly every idea that is a part of our (14) _______ from the past: Men working (15) ______ every turn, to be sure, under the influence of their environment and with the material at (16) _____, individual men and races ad not even some such being as “humanity” The complex of beliefs and ideals by (17) _____ the modern world lives and with which it works is not a gift from the gods, (18) _____ ancient myth put it, (19) _____ an achievement of a long succession of (20)____.