Planning-forever-tax-savings永久节税筹划大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

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　　翻译日期： 2017.02.14

　　Planning forever tax savings

　　? Learn how to keep your tax bill at the legal minimum…and keep it there!

　　By Mark E.Battersby

　　Now is the best time to think about reducing the ornamental and miscellaneous metal operation’s tax bill even lower than the point the economy may have driven it to.And,of course,aim to keep that tax bill at its legal minimum for many year to come.

　　While many of us rely on the advice and help provided by tax professionals or utilize software programs to ensure a low tax bill,the real goal should be a low tax bill for not just this tax year but year-after-year.The best guarantee of consistently low tax bill,this year,next year,and so-on down the road is,of course,tax planning.

　　Tax planning is easy:the more tax deductions taken,the lower the fabricating operations taxable income will be----at least for this tax year.Of course,ignoring potential tax deductions this year might mean significant savings in later years when profits----and tax bills---are higher.Either way,in order for deductions to count,the time to make the moves necessary for those low tax bills is before the end of the tax year.

　　Tax Planning Basics

　　When thinking about any type of tax planning,every metal fabricator should keep in mind that although the IRS may occasionally disagree,the courts strongly back every taxpayer’s right to choose the course of action that will result in the lowest legal tax liability.Thus,as the end of the tax year quickly approaches,every fabricator faces several different options as to how to complete certain taxable transactions.

　　Out tax system has graduated rates that increase along with the income of the metal fabrication business at various tax rates.Thus,one strategy for saving taxes means reducing the tax bracket of the fabricating operation.Getting the most from the temporary 15-percent tax rate for dividends,means finding another way to reduce corporate level income----and taxes?

　　Obviously,neither an ornamental metal fabricating business nor any business owner can literally reduce their federal income tax rate.They can however,take actions that will have a similar effect.For example:

　　? Choosing the optimal from of organization for the business(such as sole

　　proprietorship,partnership,corporation or S Corporation).Although not a year-end tax planning strategy,this option deserves attention in the overall tax planning process especially in light of the current,and temporary,15 percent tax rate on dividends paid by incorporated metalworking businesses.

　　? Structuring transactions so that payments received are capital

　　gains.Long-term capital gains earned by non-corporate taxpayers are subject to lower tax rates than other income.

　　? Shifting income from a high-tax bracket individual(such as you,the business

　　owner),to a lower-bracket individual(such as your child).One fairly,simple

　　way to accomplish this is by hiring your children.Another possibility is to make one or more children partners in the business,so that net profits are shared among a larger group.

　　While the tax laws limit the usefulness of this srtategy for shifting “unearned” income to children under the age of 14,some opportunities to lower tax rates still do exist.Remember,however,the time to think about those strategies is during the course of the tax year.

　　Consistently Consistent

　　Although the goal is usually to reduce taxes this year,to be really effective the tax bracket should be consistent year-after-year.If income is up this year but expected to be down next year,for instance,an ornamental metal business might want to postpone asset sales or other unusual transactions until next year when the additional profits may not be as likely to put the operation into a higher tax bracket.Or,conversely if income and profits are down this year,disposing of unneeded equipment or business assets via a profitable sale just might generate extra income,income taxed at the operation’s current low tax rates.

　　Depending on the circumstances,a number of legitimate strategies a metal fabricating business can employ before year’s end will help them remain in the same bracket this year,next year,and for many year thereafter.Those basic year-end savings strategies include:

　　? Delaying Collections:A cash basis metal fabricating operation can delay

　　year-end billings until late enough in the year so payments will not come in until the following year.

　　? Accelerate Payments:Wherever possible, prepay deductible business

　　expenses,including rent,interest,taxes,insurance,etc.Also,keep in mind that the tax rules limit tax deductions for some prepaid expenses.

　　? Accelerate Large Purchases:Close the purchase of depreciable personal

　　property or real estate within the current year.

　　? Accelerate Operating Expenses:If possible,accelerate the purchase of

　　supplies or services or the making of repairs.

　　? Accelerate Depreciation:Elect to expense or immediately write-off the cost

　　of new equipment instead of depreciating it.Remember,the new Section 179 tax rules now permit every metal fabricator to deduct,as an expense,up to $250,000 in expenditures for new equipment.

　　Naturally,what a particular business can do depends a great deal on the accounting method used by the operation.A cash basis metal fabricating operation,for example,deducts expenses as paid and receipts become income when received----or made available.An accrual-basis business realizes income when billed and expenses when incurred----regardless of when income is actually,received,or when payment is made.

　　This year’s law changes

　　The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) earlier this year

　　extended a number of expiring provisions and created a few more that will affect the year-end planning process.For example:

　　? First-year 50% bonus depreciaton:ARRA extended the 50% bonus first-year

　　depreciation allowance available for 2008 for 2009.

　　? Increased Section 179 expensing:During 2009,ornamental metal businesses

　　can choose to expenses and immediately deduct up to $250,000 of the cost of qualifying property and equipment.The $250,000 maximum expensing amount is reduced if the cost of all Section 179 property placed in service in 2009 exceeds $800,000.

　　? S corporation built-in gains holding period.For tax years beginning in either

　　2009 or 2010,ARRA eliminates the corporate level tax on the built-in gains of an S corporation that converted from regular‘C’ corporation status at least seven tax years before the current tax year.

　　Going,going,gone

　　Making year-end planning more urgent than usual,a number of provisions in our tax law expire in 2009.Among the expiring provisions are:

　　? The tax credit for research and experimentation expenses.

　　? Increased alternative minimum tax (AMT) exemption amounts.

　　? 15-year straight-line cost recovery for qualified leasehold improvements,qualified

　　restaurant buildings and improvements,and qualified retail improvements.

　　? Additional first-year depreciation for 50% of basis of qualified property. ? Increase in expensing to $250,000/$800,000.

　　? Expensing of “Brownfield’s”environmental remediation costs.

　　? Empowerment zone tax incentives.

　　? Tax incentives for investment in the District of Columbia.

　　? Renewal community tax incentives.

　　? The FUTA surtax of 0.2 percent.

　　? Sixty-five percent subsidy for payment of COBRA health care coverage

　　continuation premiums.

　　? Reduced estimated tax payments for small businesses.

　　? Use of single-employer defined benefit plan’s prior year adjusted funding

　　target attainment percentage to determine application of limitation on benefit accruals.

　　Tax tail should not wag the dog

　　There is a great deal of pressure in many metal fabricating businesses to continue cutting costs,including taxes.This coincides with increased scrutiny of tax returns on many levels of government.Identifying opportunities for tax deductions without running afoul of cash-strapped,state and local tax authorities should play a role in the planning process.

　　On a similar note,the financial or operational strengths of a business transaction should always stand on their own,aside from any tax benefits derived from them.There is also the question of whether a tax deduction should be taken or if

　　legally,feasible,ignored.

　　An excellent illustration of the flexibility of our tax rules are those governing bonuses.A metal fabricating business operating on the accrual basis has the opportunity to fix the amount of employees’ bonus payments before January 1 --- but to pay them early next year.Generally,the bonuses are not taxable to employees until 2010,but are deductible on the operation’s 2009 tax return – so long as announced before the end of 2009,and paid before March 16,2010.

　　On the other hand,while few businesses are in a position to pay employee bonuses,an ornamental and miscellaneous metalbusiness may benefit by delaying income until next year.Remember,however,there is constructive receipt when income is made available to the fabricating business.

　　Tax planning all the time

　　Although tax planning should be a year-round process,a number of year-end strategies can reduce not only this year’s tax bill,but future tax bills as well.

　　The owners and managers of every metal fabrication business should also be taking additional steps to ensure the success of the operation in 2010.

　　Whether or not the metalworking operation is facing a large tax bill or severely lower taxable income,professional advice is almost a necessity.There should however,be no uncertainty regarding the need for planning to minimize taxes this year as well as in future tax years.

　　For your information

　　The goal:You should always strive to keep your tax bill at the absolute minimum.The key is good tax planning,and looking at what decision work best in the long-run.For instance,sometimes it’s better to ignore a potential tax deduction one year to save more in a later year when tax bills are higher.

　　Optimize your company:Do you have the best structure for your company,such as a partnership,proprietorship,or S corporation?

　　Other tips:Have you structured transactions so that payments received are capital gains?Can you shift income from a high-tax bracket individual,such as yourself,to a lower-bracket individual,such as a child?One way to accomplish this is to hire your children or make them a partner in the business, which allows the next profits to be shared among a larger group.While the tax laws limit the shifting “unearned” income to children under age of 14,some opportunities do exist.

　　永久节税筹划

　　■学会怎样在合法范围内将税额减少到最低并一直保持下去

　　现在是考虑降低金属饰品和五金经营税额的最好时机，因为那甚至可以比自然经济趋势下所能达到的税额更低。当然，我们也要设法在合法范围内将未来很多年的税额一直保持最低。

　　尽管很多人会依赖于税务专家的建议和帮助，或者是使用软件来保证低税额，但真正的目的不光是降低今年的而应该是从今往后每一年的。为此，最好的保证当然就是纳税筹划了。

　　税收筹划很简单：存在的减免税款越多，制造经营的应缴税所得越低，至少今年的会低。当然，只有当后几年的盈利和税额更高时，忽略今年的可能减免税额才会更有意义。不管怎样，如果想使减免成功，就必须在纳税年度结束前进行必要的年度间转移。

　　税收筹划基本原理

　　当考虑使用哪种缴税筹划时，所有金属制造者都应该记住，尽管有时你的筹划会被国税局否定，但每一个纳税人都有权力选择能使自己的纳税义务降到最低的方法，且这一权力受到法院的强烈支持。所以，纳税年度即将结束之时，每个制造者都得选择怎样完成某些需纳税交易。

　　我们的税收制度规定了一种递进的税率，金属制造生意的收入越高，税率也会随之增高。所以，减少税额的其中一种策略就是降低纳税等级。对于股息目前征收的是15%的税率，充分利用该税率意味着寻求其他方式减少公司收入，但这样做能不能也减少税额呢？

　　显然，不论是金属饰品制造商还是其他行业的商人都不能真正地减少联邦税税率。但是，他们可以采取其他措施，从而达到相近的效果，比如：

　　? 选择营业的最优形式（比如个体经营，合伙企业，公司，或小型企业公

　　司）。尽管该选择并不属于年末税收筹划，但对整体的税收筹划过程来说值得重视。特别是对于采取企业制的金属相关行业来说，按照目前税法，对股息征收的暂时是15%税率。

　　? 安排好交易，使该交易的收款成为资本增益。因为对于非公司制企业的

　　纳税人来说，长期资本收益得税率比其他种类收入的税率低。

　　? 将处于高纳税等级的个人收入（例如你，企业主）转给处于低纳税等级

　　的人（例如你的子女）。达成此目的相当简单的一种方法就是雇佣你的子女工作。另一种可能的方法是，使一名或多名子女成为合伙企业的合伙人，这样更多人可以参与分配净利润。

　　将非劳动所得的收入转给14岁以下的子女是受税法限制的，所以上述方法显得不是那么有用，但仍然存在其他用于降低税率的方法。请牢记，需在纳税年度期间考虑采取何种策略。

　　始终一致

　　尽管目的基本上是为了少缴税，但若真要达到有效，纳税等级应该每年一致。例如，如果今年收入高，但是预期下一年会减少，金属饰品商人可能会把销售或者其他特殊交易推迟到下一年，没有这些额外利润，今年的收入就不太会进到更