2015教资国考|初中英语重要知识集锦：句法|状语从句、定语从句

　　中小学教师职业道德规范教师资格证报名条件 一、状语从句

　　1、时间状语从句：引导时间状语从句的连词有when/while/as/as soon as/until/notuntil/before/after/since等。

　　例如：

　　When you leave, please take a raincoat with you.

　　As soon as she got home, she began to make dinner.

　　注意：

　　(1)while意为当期间，从句中的谓语动词一般用进行时态。

　　例如：

　　Take notes while you are listening to the teacher.

　　(2)while侧重主句中谓语动词表示的动作或存在的状态与从句谓语动词所表示的动作或存在的状态的对比，常译为而。

　　例如：

　　He is a worker while I am a student.

　　(3)notuntil,直到才，主句谓语动词必须是非持续性动词而且主句是否定式，从句为肯定式。

　　例如：

　　He did not go to bed until his mother came.

　　(4)在时间状语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来时间。

　　例如：

　　Mr. Smith will telephone you when he returns.

　　2、原因状语从句：引导原因状语从句的连词有：because/as/since等。

　　例如：

　　His sister is in bed because she is ill.

　　注意：含原因状语从句的复合句，有时可以转换为用so连接的并列句，故because和so不能同时出现在一个句子中。

　　例如：

　　He did not come here because he was busy.

　　He was busy, so he did not come here.

　　3、地点状语从句：引导地点状语从句的连词有where或wherever.

　　例如：

　　Where there is no air or water, nobody can live.

　　4、条件状语从句：引导条件状语从句的连词有if/unless等。

　　(1)在含有if引导的条件状语从句的主从复合句中，主句谓语部分通常含有will/shall或情态动词，从句用一般现在时表示将来时态。

　　例如：

　　We will go for a picnic if it does not rain tomorrow.

　　(2)ifnot常译作如果不，相当于unless, unless含有否定意义，译作假如不，除非。

　　例如：

　　You will fail if you do not work hard.

　　You will fail unless you work hard.

　　(3)用if改写祈使句+and+简单句这一句子结构中的祈使句时，要在祈使句前加if you,并去掉并列连词and.

　　例如：

　　Use your head, and youll work out the physics problem.

　　If you use your head, youll work out the physics problem.

　　If you study hard, you will catch up with us.

　　(4)用ifnot改写祈使句+or+简单句这一结构中的祈使句时，要变祈使句为否定的条件状语从句，并去掉or.

　　例如：

　　Study hard, or you wont catch up with your classmates.

　　If you dont study hard, you wont catch up with us.

　　5、目的和结果状语从句：引导目的状语从句的连词有so that;引导结果状语从句的连词有so that，suchthat.

　　(1)so 是副词，修饰形容词或副词。

　　So +adj./adv. +that

　　例如：The shoes are so small that I can not wear them.

　　(2)such是形容词，修饰名词。

　　such+a/an+adj. +n(可数名词单数)+that

　　such+adj. +n(不可数名词单数，可数名词复数)+that

　　例如：

　　She is such a lovely girl that we all like her.可改为：She is so lovely a girl that we all like her.

　　(3)如果名词前是表示多少的many/much/few/little等词时要用so.

　　例如：

　　I have so little money that I cant lend you any.

　　(4)so that的主从复合句在转换为简单句时，可选用下列四种结构。

　　tooto do sth. toofor sb. to do

　　enough to do sth. enough for sb. to do

　　例如：

　　Tom is so young that he can not join the army.

　　Tom is too young to join the army./Tom is not old enough to join the army.

　　The milk is so cool that we can drink it.

　　The milk is cool enough for us to drink.

　　6、比较状语从句：引导比较状语从句的连词有asas, than等。

　　(1)表示甲乙在某一个方面相同时，用as+形容词/副词原级+as结构，表示甲在某一个方面不如乙时，用not as/so+形容词/副词原级+as结构。

　　例如：

　　John is as clever as Tom.

　　He does not run as/so fast as you.

　　(2)表示甲程度高于乙时，用形容词、副词的比较级+than引导的从句结构。

　　He is taller than I.

　　(3)两个比较对象要对等，即应是句子中的同等成分进行比较。

　　例如：

　　The weather in south is always hotter than that in north.

　　7、让步状语从句：引导让步状语从句的连词有though, although等。

　　例如：

　　They kept working on the farm though it was raining hard. =It was raining hard, but they kept working on the farm.

　　注意：though/although不能与并列连词but同时出现在一个句子中。

　　二、定语从句

　　在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句，它的作用相当于形容词，被修饰的词叫做先行词。

　　1、定语从句的位置。

　　1)定语从句一般地说要放在先行词之后，无论这个词在句中充当何种成分。

　　The student who answered the question is Bill.

　　2)有时先行词后还有一个作定语的词或词组时，定语从句则应放在上述成分之后。

　　Do you know anyone in our class whose father is a business man?

　　2、定语从句的引导词

　　1)定语从句的引导词是由关系代词或关系副词充当的。

　　关系代词有who/whom/whose/that，关系副词有when/where/why,它们除了引导从句的作用外，还要在从句中充当一定的成分。关系代词和关系副词的选用要看其在从句中发挥的作用，与主语没有任何关系。

　　在从句中充当主语的有who/which/that.

　　在从句中充当宾语的有whom/which/that.

　　在从句中充当定语的有whose.

　　在从句中充当状语的有when/where/why.

　　当定语从句所修饰的先行词是人时，关系代词要用who(主格)，whom(宾格)，也可以用that,以及whose(所有格)，先行词是物时，关系代词要用which,也可用that, whom/which/that在从句中作宾语时往往可以省略。

　　例如：

　　The students who do not study hard will not pass the examination.

　　Do you know the man (whom) Mr. Green shook hands with?

　　The letter (which) I received yesterday is from my sister.

　　Who is the man (that) is reading a magazine over there?

　　The book (that) you lent me is very interesting.

　　I will never forget the day when I joined the party.

　　Last year I went to the village where I was born.

　　This is the reason why she will go to London.

　　2)在先行词相同的情况下，根据它们在定语从句中所起的语法作用，可用不同的引导词连接不同的定语从句。

　　例如：

　　This is the school where I studied for six years. (先行词school表地点)。

　　This is the school which he mentioned just now. (school作mentioned的宾语)