2015年教师资格证统考英语阅读理解专项练习（1）

　　中小学教师职业道德规范教师资格证报名条件

　　A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as fronts with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.

　　Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often run the danger of becoming- and remaining-dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.

　　1. The primary purpose of the text is to

　　[A] present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies.

　　[B] describe a situation and its potential drawbacks.

　　[C] propose a temporary solution to a problem.

　　[D] analyze a frequent source of disagreement.

　　【答案】B

　　2. The text suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might causes it to

　　[A] experience frustration but not serious financial harm.

　　[B] face potentially crippling fixed expenses.

　　[C] have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government.

　　[D] increase its spending with minority subcontractors.

　　【答案】A

　　3. It can be inferred from the text that, compared with the requirements of law, the percentage goals set by some federal and local agencies (line 9, paragraph 1) are

　　[A] more popular with large corporations.

　　[B] more concrete.

　　[C] less controversial.

　　[D] less expensive to enforce.

　　【答案】B

　　4. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the authors assertion that, in the 1970s, corporate response to federal requirements (line 1, paragraph 2) was substantial?

　　[A] Corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses totaled $2 billion in 1979.

　　[B] Between 1970 and 1972, corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses declined by 25 percent.

　　[C] The figures collected in 1977 underrepresented the extent of corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses.

　　[D] The $1.1 billion represented the same percentage of total corporate spending in 1977 as did $77 million in 1972.

　　【答案】D

　　5. The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about corporate response to working with minority subcontractors?

　　[A] Annoyed by the proliferation of front organizations, corporations are likely to reduce their efforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the near future.

　　[B] Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businesses in the 1970s, their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many government contracts.

　　[C] The significant response of corporations in the 1970s is likely to be sustained and conceivably be increased throughout the 1980s.

　　[D] Although corporations are eager to cooperate with minority-owned businesses, a shortage of capital in the 1970s made substantial response impossible.

　　【答案】C

　　B

　　Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents ones findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.

　　Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions What happened? and How did it happen? have given way to the question Why did it happen? Prominent among the methods used to answer the question Why is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory.

　　Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psychohistorians intend. They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derives its facts not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic tenet of historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theses. Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the deepest explanation of any event, that other explanations fall short of the truth.

　　Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history (in the sense of the proper mode of studying and writing about the past); it also violates the past itself. It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity. Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.

　　1. Which of the following best states the main point of the text?

　　[A] The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in vogue even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method.

　　[B] Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of psychohistorians.

　　[C] Areas of sociological study such as childhood and work are of little interest to traditional historians.

　　[D] The psychological assessment of an individuals behavior and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life.

　　【答案】A

　　2. The author mentions which of the following as a characteristic of the practice of psychohistorians?

　　[A] The lives of historical figures are presented in episodic rather than narrative form.

　　[B] Archives used by psychohistorians to gather material are not accessible to other scholars.

　　[C] Past and current events are all placed within the same deterministic diagram.

　　[D] Events in the adult life of a historical figure are seen to be more consequential than are those in the childhood of the figure.

　　【答案】C

　　3. The author of the text suggests that psychohistorians view history primarily as

　　[A] a report of events, causes, and effects that is generally accepted by historians but which is, for the most part, unverifiable.

　　[B] an episodic account that lacks cohesion because records of the role of childhood, work, and leisure in the lives of historical figures are rare.

　　[C] an uncharted sea of seemingly unexplainable events that have meaning only when examined as discrete units.

　　[D] a record the way in which a closed set of immutable psychological laws seems to have shaped events.

　　【答案】D

　　4. The author of the text puts the word deepest (line 14, paragraph 3) in quotation marks most probably in order to

　　[A] signal her reservations about the accuracy of psychohistorians claims for their work.

　　[B] draw attention to a contradiction in the psychohistorians method.

　　[C] emphasize the major difference between the traditional historians method and that of psychohistorians.

　　[D] disassociate her opinion of the psychohistorians claims from her opinion of their method.

　　【答案】A

　　5. In presenting her analysis, the author does all of the following EXCEPT.

　　[A] Make general statements without reference to specific examples.

　　[B] Describe some of the criteria employed by traditional historians.

　　[C] Question the adequacy of the psychohistorians interpretation of events.

　　[D] Point out inconsistencies in the psychohistorians application of their methods.

　　【答案】D