Shipping_&_Trade_Law-_Insurance_Act_2015_ _a_new_beginning_or_business_as_usual-
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Shipping_&_Trade_Law-_Insurance_Act_2015_ _a_new_beginning_or_business_as_usual-
英国2015保险法
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TheInsuranceAct2015receivedroyalassenton12February2015,havingbeenspedthroughtheHousesof
Parliamentunderaspecialprocedurefornon-controversialLawCommissionBills.
FollowingsubmissionoftheLawCommissionBilltoParliamentinJuly2014,severaldaysofwitnessevidencetotheSpecialCommitteeoftheHouseofLordsinDecember2014resultedinafinalversionoftheBill,publishedon16January2015.
UndertheexpeditedprocedureapplicabletoLawCommissionBills,thistextwentforwardtothefullHouseandthentotheHouseofCommons,toreceiveRoyalAssenton12February2015.ItwascrucialthatthewholeprocessshouldbecompletedbeforetheendofParliamentandinparticularbeforethegeneralelectioninMay2015.
InsuranceAct2015:threefailures,two-and-a-halfsuccesses
Theexpeditedprocedurewascrucialtothesuccessoftheventure,creatingaone-offopportunitytopromulgatetheresultsoftheconsultationprocessthathastakenplacesince2006.TheexpeditedprocedurewasequallytosomeextenttheundoingoftheBill.Onlyuncontroversialbillscanbemadethesubjectofthisprocedure.Thismeantleavingoutafewobviouscandidatesforreform,notablyinsurableinterestandliabilityforinsurancepremiumsundersection53oftheMarineInsuranceAct1906.Thesearesaidtobethesubjectofafutureadditionalconsultationpaper.ItmustbeassumedthattheintentistoabolishtheMarineInsurance
(GamblingPolicies)Act1909,underwhichtherehasfamouslynotbeenasingleprosecutioninover100years,andwheremodernregulationhasnowreplacedanyneedforcriminalstatute.That,alongwiththeinsurableinterestprovisionsoftheMarineInsuranceAct1906,haveindeedbeentargetsforlawreformatleastsincetheGamblingAct2005createdaverypeculiaranduncertainlegalpositioninrelationtoinsurableinterestinpropertyinsurance.Section53ontheotherhandrequiresamoredelicatetouch–replacementratherthanrepeal.
Worse,latepaymentofinsuranceindemnitieswasomittedatalatestageaftertheLloyd’sMarketAssociationvoicedobjections.Theconcernwassaidtobethattheclaimsmanagementindustrywouldlosenotimeinaddingthecauseofactionforlatepaymentofdamagestoitsarsenal,atsubstantialcosttotheinsuranceindustryandintermediatelytoinsureds.Althoughnomentionwasmade,itissincerelyhopedthatlatepaymentremainsontheagenda,althoughthishasnotbeenmadeexplicit.Ifnot,unlesssomeboldclaimanthastheresourcestotakeacasechallengingSprungvRoyalInsurance(UK)Ltd([1999]Lloyd’sRepIR111)tothe
SupremeCourt,wearethereforestuckwiththecurrentrulefortheforeseeablefuture.Fortunatelyregulatorymeasures(ICOBS8.1.1)appeartomakeupforthelacunafornowbystatingthatclaimsmustbehandledandsettledpromptly.DamagesareavailableundertheFinancialServicesandMarketsAct2000section138D,butonlytoprivatepersons.
HowaboutthesuccessesoftheInsuranceAct2015?
ThenewActembracesthedutyoffairpresentationinplaceofthedutyofdisclosure.Keyaretheprovisionsinsection3(3)and(4),whereafairpresentationoftheriskisdefinedasonedisclosingeverymaterialcircumstancewhichtheinsuredknowsoroughttoknow,orfailingthat:“disclosurewhichgivestheinsurersufficientinformationtoputaprudentinsureronnoticethatitneedstomakefurtherenquiriesforthepurposeofrevealingthosematerialcircumstances”.Thelatteristhelowerbarandthereforetheonelikelytobesubjecttolitigation.Theappearanceofthe“prudentinsurer”,afictionalstandard,meansthatthestandardofdisclosureistoberegardlessoftheunderwriter’sowncapacitiesingeneralorontheparticularday.Adrunkenunderwriterwhohappenednottobeputonnoticebytheinsured’sfailuretodisclosecanthereforestillcalluponthisrule(subsection4).Toconstituteafair
presentation,disclosuremustalsobereasonablyclearandaccessibletotheprudentinsurerandmustbesubstantiallycorrectandmadeingoodfaith(subsection3).
TheprovisionsoftheActonfairpresentationanddutyofdisclosureremainmostlyunchangedfromtheDraftBillproposedbytheLawCommissionsinJuly2014,butwithseveralparagraphsaddedtoclarifywhoseknowledgeistobindtheinsured;atopiconwhichtherewasmuchdiscussionintheDecemberSpecialCommittee.
TheActadoptsthe“deliberateorreckless”languageoftheConsumerInsurance(DisclosureandRepresentations)Act2012,avoidingtheuseofthewordfraudwhichcarriesundesirableconnotationsinrelationtothestandardofproof.Adeliberateorrecklessbreachpermitstheinsurertoavoidwhileretainingthepremium.Forotherbreachesonthepartoftheinsured,thepolicyremainsintactandtheremedyisproportionatetotheeffectontheunderwriter.
Asforinsurancewarranties,theywillbemodifiedbeyondrecognitionbytheamendments.IntheMarineInsuranceAct1906,thesecondsentenceofsection33(3)isdeleted.Thisisthesentencecontainingtheremedy:“Ifitbenotsocompliedwith,then,subjecttoanyexpressprovisioninthepolicy,theinsurerisdischargedfromliabilityasfromthedateofthebreachofwarranty,butwithoutprejudicetoanyliabilityincurredbyhimbeforethatdate”.Theprevioussentencestatingthatwarrantiesmustbeexactlycompliedwithishoweverleftintact,leavingsomeofthefamiliardraconianeffect.Courtshavebeenknowntoenforcethestrictcomplianceelementeveninrecentyears–forinstanceinthemarinecasesGEFrankonaReinsuranceLtdvCMMTrustNo1400(The
NewfoundlandExplorer)[2006]Lloyd’sRepIR704andBrownsvilleHoldingsLtdvAdamjeeInsuranceCoLtd(TheMilasan)
[2000]2Lloyd’sRep458(wherethejudges’strictinterpretationofthecrewingwarrantywasexplicitlyleftundisturbedbythelaterCourtofAppealauthorityinPrattvAigaionInsuranceCoSA(TheResolute)[2009]Lloyd’sRepIR149).
Theremedyofpermanent,automaticdischargefromtheinsurer’sliabilitychangestosuspensionofliabilityforthedurationofthefailuretocomplywiththeterm.Inaddition,section11oftheInsuranceActisheaded“Termsnotrelevanttotheactualloss”.ThissectionhasbeencomprehensivelyredraftedcomparedtotheJuly2014proposal.Thegistoftheprovisionistoaddtothesuspensorynatureofthenewremedyarequirementthattheinsured’sfailuretocomplywithpolicyrequirementssomehowcontributedtotherisk
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英国2015保险法
内容需要下载文档才能查看ofloss.Thenotionsinvolvedarecomplexandinvitearetrospectivelookatthenon-compliancetodetermineifit“couldnothaveincreasedtheriskoftheloss”.Itremainstobeseenifsuchahypotheticaltestcanbesuccessfulinpractice;onthefaceoftheprovision,thebarfortheinsurersseemssetexcessivelylowifallthatisrequiredisproofthatafailuretocomplycouldhaveincreasedtherisk.
Whatissaidaboveappliestoexpressaswellasimpliedwarranties,includingthoseintheMarineInsuranceAct1906,sections36to
41.Thereappearstobenodirectindicationofwhetherthesuspensorynatureandthe“increaseofrisk”provisionaretoapplyalsotosection39(5),whichisnotawarranty.Inaddition,basisofthecontractclauseswillbeoutlawed;butthesewereneveraprobleminmarineinsurancebecausesection35(3)stipulatesthatallpolicytermsmustbeinorappendedtothepolicyitself.
Marineinsurancewarrantiesarenotaquaintfeatureofantiquitybutareincommonuseintoday’smarket,intheformsofcrewingwarranties,classwarrantiesandtowingwarrantiesandperhapsothers.TheLawCommissionshavebeenfairlyconsistentinavoidingdiscussionofMATinsurance(Marine,AviationandTransport)throughoutthesequenceofReports.Inthatlight,itisperhapssurprisingthattheActmakesextensivemodificationstotheMarineInsuranceAct1906inthisregard.
Fraudulentclaimsaredealtwithinaminimalisticway:theActappearstodolittlemorethancodifycurrentcaselaw,suchasitis.Thedefinitionoffraudulentclaims,andinparticularthefateoftheruleonfraudulentmeansanddevices,arenotaddressedatall;VerslootDredgingBVvHDI-GerlingIndustrieVersicherungAG(TheDCMerwestone)[2015]Lloyd’sRepIR115havingbeensubjecttoanapplicationforleavetoappealatthetimeoftheSpecialCommitteehearingsinDecember2014.Inthispart,theActrepresentssuccinctclaritybutperhapsnotanunambiguoussuccess.
Comments
TheActcreatesafewopenquestionsbothinwhathasbeenleftoutandinwhathasbeenaddressed.Thereisnodoubtwhatsoeverthatitisamilestoneininsurancelawreachedatlonglastonwearyfeet,andthatitcontainsseveralessentialinnovations.However,thereisastrongpossibilityoflitigationinrelationtoseveralfeaturesofthisnewAct,inparticularthefairpresentationrequirementsandthescopeofknowledgeoftheinsured.Otherpartsconsolidateexistingcaselaw,developedoverthepastcenturysincethe
MarineInsuranceAct1906anddonotrepresentanythingnew.Onthewhole,theenactmentdoesnotamounttoaradicaloverhaulofthelaw,worthyoftheConsumerInsurance(DisclosureandRepresentations)Act2012.
TheLawCommissionshavegivennoticeofplanstocontinuethelawreformprojectandtoputforwardanotherbillaftertheMay2015elections.However,inthecomingyear,parliamentarytimewillbescarcewithanewgovernmentlookingtoputthroughitsmostcontroversialandflagshiplegislativemeasuresinthefirstparliamentfollowingtheelections.Thereisnodoubtthatinsurancelawreformissorelyneeded.However,ifthisActisthefinalword,businessinsuredshavearguablybeensomewhatshort-changedbythelawreformprojectandthemarketremainsreliantonregulatorymeasures.
JohannaHjalmarsson
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