讲义10

美国社会与文化讲义

American Education

Lecture 8

?Goal & significance of American education

?General view of Americans on education

?The role of federal, state, and local governments in education ?The different sources of funds for education

?Different categories of schools

I. General Introduction

?Goal of education

To achieve universal literacy

Low _________________ rate (about 1%)

≈80% teenagers complete high school

≈50% enrollment in institutions of ___________ learning To help to understand and take part in affairs of government and to be responsible citizens

? Who is responsible for the education? ?A function of the __________, not the federal government (the U.S. Constitution) Boards of Education (at the state level)

?Groups of people who make policies for schools at the state and/or district level, including decisions about the school curriculum, teacher _________________ and certification and the overall measurement of student progress. Governing Board of Education (at the local level)

Each local school district has a governing board (管理委员会) which is responsible for the ___________ of professional and support staff, determining curriculum, etc.

Department of Education

?To ensure equal educational opportunity for all people, to influence education and give financial help to its development

?But cannot give ___________ in education or control over educational policy and practice across the states

?3 sources of funds for schools

1) Through ___________ property taxes: ≈50%

2) The ___________ taxes: 40% --50%

3) The ______________ government: 8% -- 9% ?School year

1. two-semester system

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美国社会与文化讲义

1) 1-6 spring

2) 9－12 fall

2. three-semester system

1) 9－12 fall

2) 1-5 spring

3) 6-8 summer

? Different categories of schools

1. ________________ schools (88%)

2. _______________, schools (10%) [parochial schools &

nondenominational ~]

3. home schools (1.7%) ? Public vs. Private Schools

?________________ for all students from ages 5-18

?Run by the local government

?Teaches no specific _______________

?Standard education

?Parents must pay a school fee

?Run by ____________ citizens or a religious group

?Religious teaching is a part of the curriculum

?______________ education

I. General Introduction

?12 years of free public education for all children

?All children must attend school at least until the age of ______ (compulsory

education)

?______________ help for most good students to continue their studies for many

more years

?Many opportunities for adult education

?Different categories of schools: Home School

?Parents teach the children at home

?Students often finish school at a _____________ age

?Reasons

–Parents don’t like the school

–Parents want their child to learn ______________ Subjects

I. Education System

The different levels of education in U.S.A.

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美国社会与文化讲义

? 4 Levels of American Education

1.

2.

3.

4.

Preschool education (daycare center, nursery school) _________________ education (grammar/elementary school) Secondary education (high school) ______________ /tertiary education (college & university)

1. Preschool Education

?No mandatory (compulsory) pre-kindergarten program

?Families responsible for preschool or childcare

?Daycare Center---from infancy to 3/4 year-old

?_______________ school – 3 to 5 year-old

2. Elementary and Secondary Education

?

?

?

?

?

Kindergarten – the _________________ of elementary education Covers ______ years from age 6 through 18 12 academic levels called grades. One academic year (from September to June) is required to complete each grade Academic work ---learning to read, write & do arithmetic---begins when the child enters first grade, at about age 6.

?Two Ways to divide elementary and secondary education

? Elementary and secondary education: a variety of

subdivision

1. 8---4 ( 8 yrs for elementary school & 4 yrs for high school)

2. 6--2--4 (6 yrs for primary school, 2 for junior high, and 4 for senior high)

3. 6 –3 –3 ( 6 yrs for elementary school, 3 for junior high, and 3 for senior high)

4. 4 – 4 – 4 ( 4 yrs for primary school, middle school, and high school respectively)

5. 6– 6 (6 yrs for elementary school and combined junior & senior high school

respectively)

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美国社会与文化讲义

School Grades

Elementary Education – Elementary School ?Includes from K-5 to 5th grade

–K-5 is also called __________________

?School goes from 9 to 3

Elementary Education-Kindergarten ?Half-day sessions (usu 2 to 3 hours long)

?Get accustomed to being separated from mommy

?play & share with other children & follow the directions of the teacher. ?Learn to get along with others (socialization)

?Get used to classroom life

Elementary Education –Elementary schools

1. School time

? 9 am—3 pm

? One academic year—from September through June

2. Class size —20 to 30 students

? Students are picked up and taken home by the school bus

3. Subjects

–reading

–math

–science

–history

–spelling

–penmanship

–art

?The class stays together all day and has one teacher for all of their subjects

Elementary Education

Dewey’s influence on American education John Dewey (杜威)

? Philosopher

? Psychologist

? Educational reformer

Dewey’s influence on American education

?The only worthwhile knowledge was information that could be _________. ?It is pointless to make students memorize useless ___________ that they would quickly forget.

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美国社会与文化讲义

?Learning ____________ knowledge is a waste of time since facts change quickly in the modern world.

?Therefore, students should learn how to learn. And schools should teach ______________ processes and skills.

Elementary Education: What to learn?

?Learn how to solve problems based on the scientific method: –defining the questions –______________ the hypothesis –gathering the information

–_____________ the hypothesis

Elementary Education: How to learn?

Dewey’s influence on teaching techniques

?Children learn best by ___________.

?Science classes involve experimentation.

Elementary Education: What to teach?

?Basic academics (reading, math, etc.)

?Good behavior

Secondary Education

?Secondary education takes place in a variety of junior and senior high schools. ? usually covers the _______ through 12th grade

9 periods:

?5 academic subjects

?1 for physical education

?1 lunch period

?2 study periods

–visiting the library

–participating in extracurricular activity

?The class stays together all day and changes rooms for their different teachers

Secondary Education

?Basic curricular structure

-- science (biology, chemistry & physics) -- math (algebra, geometry, algebra II, and/or precalculus（微积分）/trigonometry（三角学）) -- English (literature, humanities, etc)

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