Spatial analysis of the amenity value of green open space
上传者:安向京|上传时间:2015-05-07|密次下载
Spatial analysis of the amenity value of green open space
ECOLOGICALECONOMICS66(2008)403–416
http://wendang.chazidian.com
http://wendang.chazidian.com/locate/ecolecon
ANALYSIS
Spatialanalysisoftheamenityvalueofgreenopenspace☆
Seong-HoonChoa,?,NeelamC.Poudyalb,RolandK.Robertsa
ab
DepartmentofAgriculturalEconomics,TheUniversityofTennessee,2621MorganCircle,Knoxville,TN37996-4518,UnitedStatesDepartmentofForestry,WildlifeandFisheries,274EllingtonPlantScienceBldg.,Knoxville,TN37996-4518,UnitedStates
ARTICLEINFO
Articlehistory:
Received24April2007Receivedinrevisedform27August2007
Accepted2October2007
Availableonline7November2007Keywords:Hedonicpricing
LocallyweightedregressionOpenspace
Spatialconfiguration
ABSTRACT
Theobjectiveofthisresearchistodeterminethespatialvariationinamenityvaluesforbothquantityandqualityofgreenopenspaceinthehousingmarket.Variablesrelatedtosize,proximity,spatialconfiguration,andspeciescompositionofopenspaceareendogenizedintheglobalandlocalmodelsinahedonicpriceframework.Empiricalevidenceshowsthatamenitiesofdifferentfeaturesofopenspacevaryaccordingtothedegreeofurbanization.Insummary,evergreentrees,adiverselandscapewithfragmentedforestpatches,andmorecomplexandnaturalforestedgesaremorehighlyvaluedinRural–Urbaninterfaces.Incontrast,deciduousandmixedforests,largerforestblocks,andsmoothlytrimmedandman-madeforestpatchboundariesaremorehighlyvaluedinurbancoreareas.Asspatialvariationinamenityvaluesdiffersacrossametropolitanarea,theneedforsite-specificlandusemanagementtofitthelocalcharacteristicsisrecognized.
©2007ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.
1.Introduction
Sinceurbansprawlhaswidespreadramificationsforplantandanimalhabitatsandhumansociety,openspaceconser-vationbecomesamajorconcernoftheAmericancommunity.Between1998and2004,935outof1215conservationballotmeasureswerepassedintheUnitedStates,raisingcloseto$25billioninfundingforlandconservationin44states(TheTrustforPublicandLandTrustAlliance,2005).Votershavethusshownconsistentsupportforopenspaceprotection.Akeyquestion,however,istheextenttowhichpublicopenspaceiscapitalizedintonearbyresidentialpropertyvalues,andthuswouldincreasepropertytaxcollection.Estimatesoftheeffectofopenspaceonthevalueofnearbypropertywouldbeofuseinestimatingthecostofsuchinitiativesandprioritizingthelandparcelstobeconservedasopenspace.
McConnellandWalls(2005)reviewedmorethan60publishedarticlesthathaveattemptedtoestimatethevalue
ofopenspacesinthecategoriesofgeneralopenspace,parks,naturalareas,greenbelts,forestpreserves,wetlands,andagriculture.Hedonicmethodswithspatialanalysesusinggeographicalinformationsystems(GIS)havegainedpopular-ityinrecentyearsformeasuringthevalueofopenspace.Despitetheextensiveuseofthehedonicpropertymethodinvaluingopenspace,fewstudieshavevaluedthequalityofopenspace.Thequalityofopenspacecanbeclassifiedbycompositionandshapeofopenspace.Thevaluationofopen-spacecompositionfocusesonthecomparisonofamenityvaluesamongdifferenttypesofopenspace.AndersonandCordell(1988)foundthatahardwoodlandscapeisvaluedslightlymorethanapinewoodlandscape.
Thevaluationofopenspacewithregardtoitsspatialconfigurationhasbecomeamatterofinterest.Recentliteraturefocusedontheaestheticvalueofland-usediversityandlandscapequalityinthesurroundings(Geogheganetal.,1997;AcharyaandBennett,2001;Kestensetal.,http://wendang.chazidian.comingadvances
☆
SeniorauthorshipissharedbySeong-HoonChoandNeelamC.Poudyal.?Correspondingauthor.Tel.:+18659747411;fax:+18659749492.
E-mailaddresses:scho9@utk.edu(S.-H.Cho),npoudyal@utk.edu(N.C.Poudyal),rrobert3@utk.edu(R.K.
内容需要下载文档才能查看Roberts).
0921-8009/$–seefrontmatter©2007ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.doi:
内容需要下载文档才能查看10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.10.012
404
ECOLOGICALECONOMICS66(2008)403–416
inGIStechnology,thestudiesattemptedtomeasurehedonicvaluesofspatialconfigurationsofopenspace.Thesestudiesemployedvariousspatialindicescommonlyusedinlandscapeecologyresearch.Palmer(2004)andGeogheganetal.(1997)foundthatthecompositionandspatialpatternoflanduseinthesurroundingsaregoodpredictorsofscenicperceptionandhou-singvalue.AcharyaandBennett(2001)foundthathousingvalueisinfluencedbythelandscapestructureofaneighborhood.Morancho(2003)concludedthatretainingnumeroussmallgreenareasthroughoutacityispreferredtoasmallernumberoflargerparks.
Further,attemptshavebeenmadetovaluethequalityofwetlandsandagriculturalopenspaces.Mahanetal.(2000)evaluatedtheeffectsofwetlandquality,includingshape(e.g.,linearorareal)andcontent(e.g.,novegetation,withemergentvegetation,withscrub-shrub)onpropertyprices.DossandTaff(1996)usedmeasuresofwetlandcontenttoestimatemarginalvaluesofwetlandtypes.ReynoldsandRegalado(1998)alsoexaminedtheinfluencesonpropertypricesofdifferenttypesofwetlands,suchasforestedandemergentpalustrine,scrub-shrub,andshallowpondwetlands.Similarly,attemptshavebeenmadetodifferentiatethequalityofagriculturelands.Irwin(2002),Geoghegan(2002),andGeogheganetal.(2003)lookedattheeffectsofdifferenttypesofagriculturelandonhousingvalues.Theycategorizedagriculturelandintopotentiallydevelopableprivate,potentiallyundevelopableprivate,publiclyownedandaccessible,andconservationeasementtypes.Theyfoundthatvastdifferencescouldexistamongtheeffectsoflandqualityonpropertyvaluesasthequalityofagricultureopenspacechangeswiththeintensityoffarmingpractices.
Therearetwoproblematicimplicitassumptionstypicallymadeinprevioushedonicmodelsthathaveevaluatedopenspace.Thefirstcommonlyusedassumptionthatmaycausebiasedestimationisendogeneityoftheopenspacevariables.Assumingexogeneitydoesnotaddressthefundamentaliden-tificationproblemsofhousingvalues.Becausethelocationofopenspaceislargelydeterminedbymarketforces,mostopenspacevariables,exceptpublicorpreservedopenspace,willbeendogenoustothehousingprice.IrwinandBockstael(2001)addressedtheproblemofidentifyinglandusespillovers,whichariseinahedonicresidentialpricemodelwhentheopenspaceisprivatelyheldanddevelopable.TheyconductedaHausmanendogeneitytestandconcludedthattheirmeasuresforprivateopenspaceandprivatelyownedconservationlandswereendogenous,makingthecoefficientsforthesevariablesbiasedandinconsistent.Smithetal.(2002)consideredopenspacesthatare“fixed”,inthesensethatthelanduseisunlikelytochange(e.g.,publicparksandgolfcourses),differentfromopenspacesthatare“adjustable”,suchasagriculturalorvacantproperties.Theysuggestedthatbecausethelocationofadjustableopenspaceislargelydeterminedbymarketforces,itwillbesensitivetodiversityinbuyerexpectations,leadingtoendogeneityinthedispositionofsomelanduses.Walsh(2007)evaluatedopenspacepoliciesusinganempiricalapproachthatincorporatestheendogeneityofprivatelyheldopenspaceinalocationalequilibriumframework.
Thesecondproblematicassumptiontypicallyadoptedforevaluatingopenspaceusingthehedonicmodelisthatimplicitpricesareconstantacrossahousingmarket.Geogheganetal.(1997)appliedaspatialexpansionmethodthatdetectsa
spatiallyvaryingrelationshipatthelocallevel.Theirstudyrevealedthatthemarginalvaluesofland-usediversityemploy-ingmeasuresofpercentofopenspace,diversity,andfragmen-tationoflandusesvarybyproximitytothecentralbusinessdistrict(CBD).TheyfoundthatdiversityinlanduseinducesapositiveexternalityonthevalueofhousingintheimmediateareaandouteredgeoftheCBD,butitcreatesnegativeexternalitiesinareasbetweenthem.
AlthoughGeogheganetal.(1997)detectedvariationinmarginaleffectsusingaspatialexpansionmodel,themodelhassomelimitations.First,itisdependentonthecomplexityoftheexpansionequations.Asaresult,distributionsofspatiallyvaryingparameterestimatesmightconcealimportantlocalvariationswithinthebroadtrendsrepresentedbytheexpansionequations.Second,theformoftheexpansionequationsisdeterministicanddemandsaprioriknowledge(Fotheringhametal.,2002).Unlesstheexactpatternofnon-stationarityisknown,theselimitationslikelybiastheresultsfromthespatialexpansionmodel.Third,theirexpansionequationsdonotaddressthepotentialendogeneityofopenspacevariables.
Inaddressingsomeoftheselimitations,ChoandRoberts(2007)usedlocallyweightedregressiontoestimatespatialvariationinthevalueshouseholds’placeonopenspaceasmeasuredbyneighborhooddensity.Unlikethespatialexpan-sionmethod,noaprioriassumptionregardingaparticularformofspatialnon-stationarityisrequiredinthelocallyweightedregressionmodel(ClevelandandDevlin,1988).ChoandRoberts(2007)foundhigheramenityvaluesforlowerhousingdensityinsprawledareasrelativetourban-coreareas.Still,thehousingdensitymeasureusedforcapturingtheamenityvalueofopenspaceintheirstudywaslackinginthreeways.First,theydidnotaddresstheissueofopenspaceendogeneity.Second,theirmeasureofhousingdensitywasaroughproxyforopenspacebecauseitdidnotexcludenon-developableareas(e.g.,airportsandlandfills).Third,theirmeasureofhousingdensityonlyreflectedthequantityofopenspacewithoutdifferentiatingamongqualitiesofopenspace,e.g.,speciescompositionandlandscapeofforestedareas.
Thecurrentresearchwasdirectedtowardidentifyingthespatialvariationofamenityvaluesforbothquantityandqualityofopenspaceinthehousingmarket.Toachievetheobjective,openspacevariableswereendogenizedintheordinaryleastsquares(OLS)andlocallyweightedregressionswithinthehedonicpriceframework.Thequantityofopenspacewasmeasuredbyitssizeandproximitywhilethequalityofopenspacewasmeasuredbyitsspatialconfigurationandspeciescomposition.Marginalimplicitpricesfortheopenspacevariableswerecalculatedandtheirlocalmarginaleffectsweremappedtobetterunderstandthespatialvariationintheeffectsofopenspaceonhousingprices.Asspatialvariationinamenityvaluesdiffersacrossametropolitanarea,theneedforsite-specificlandusemanagementtofitthelocalcharacteristicsisrecognized.
2.
Methods
2.1.
Empiricalmodel
TheusualprocedurewastofirstestimatethehedonicmodelwithOLS.Endogeneityoftheopenspacevariableswasthen
ECOLOGICALECONOMICS66(2008)403–416
405
Table1–Definitionsofvariablesusedinthetwo-stagemodelVariable
Definition
StructuralvariablesHouseprice?Transactionpriceadjustedwithhouseprice
indexofKnoxvilleinyear2000dollarvalue($)
FinishedareaHousesquarefootage(m2)BuildingageAgeofthehousein2006(years)ParcelsizeSizeofparcel(m2)StoriesNumberofstoriesGarageDummyvariableforgarage(1ifgarage,
0otherwise)
BedroomNumberofbedroomsBrickDummyvariableforbricksiding(1ifbrick,
0otherwise)
PoolDummyvariableforswimmingpool(1ifpool,
0otherwise)
FireplaceNumberoffireplacesinhouseConditionDummyvariableforconditionofstructure
(1ifexcellent,verygoodandgood,0otherwise)
QualityDummyvariableforqualityofconstruction
(1ifexcellent,verygoodandgood,0otherwise)NeighborhoodvariablesPopulationNumberofpersonspersquarekm.incensus
densityblockgroupIncomeMedianhouseholdincomeforcensusblock
group($)
TraveltimetoAveragetraveltimetoworkforcensusblock
workgroup(min)VacancyrateHousingvacancyrateincensusblockgroupUnemploymentUnemploymentrateforcensusblockgroup
rate
ImpairmentNumberofwaterimpairmentsreportedin
thenearestwaterbody
DowntownDistancetothedowntown(m)WaterDistancetothenearestwaterbody(m)SizeofwaterSizeofthenearestwaterbody(m2)
bodySidewalkDistancetothenearestsidewalk(m)GolfcourseDistancetothenearestgolfcourse(m)RailroadDistancetothenearestrailroad(m)HighSchooldummyvariablesWest1ifWesthighschooldistrict,0otherwiseDoyle1ifDoylehighschooldistrict,0otherwisePowell1ifPowellhighschooldistrict,0otherwiseKarns1ifKarnshighschooldistrict,0otherwiseHalls1ifHallshighschooldistrict,0otherwiseGibbs1ifGibbshighschooldistrict,0otherwiseFulton1ifFultonhighschooldistrict,0otherwiseFarragut1ifFarraguthighschooldistrict,
0otherwise
Central1ifCentralhighschooldistrict,
0otherwise
Carter1ifCarterhighschooldistrict,
0otherwise
Bearden1ifBeardenhighschooldistrict,
0otherwise
Austin1ifAustinhighschooldistrict,
0otherwise(reference)OthervariablesSeasonDummyvariableforseasonofsale(1ifApril
throughSeptember,0otherwise)
Primerate
Averageprimeinterestratelessaverageinflationrate
(continuedonnextpage)
checkedwiththeSmith-BlundellTest(Wooldridge,2003,pp.484).Ifendogeneityoftheopenspacevariableswasdetected,theinstrumentalvariables(IV)approachwasusedtoaccountforopen-spaceendogeneity(IrwinandBockstael,2001),
Ri¼aXiþbP?iþeið1ÞPi¼dWiþgi
ð2Þ
whereRiisthevalueofthehouseinparceli;Xiisavectoroffactorsthatdeterminesthevalueforresidentialuseofparceli;Piisavectorofopenspacemeasuresaroundparceli;eiisa
randomdisturbanceterm;P
?iisthepredictedvaluefromEq.(2);Wiisavectorofopen-spaceinstrumentsforparceli;andηiisarandomdisturbanceterm.
Theoretically,sixopenspacemeasuresusedinthemodelwerethoughttobeendogenousbecausetheyarelargelydeterminedbymarketforces.Forexample,thenationalout-doorrecreationsurveydatasetshowsthat99%oftheforestlandinthestudyarea(cityofKnoxvilleandtownofFarragut)isprivatelyowned(Betz,1997)andpotentiallysubjecttochangeinresponsetomarketforces.Inthefirststage,Eq.(2)wasestimatedusingtheinstruments.Thechoiceoftheinstrumentalvariablefortheopenspaceequationisdifficultbecauseuniquenessoffunctionalformisratherarbitrary.Nonetheless,distancetodowntown,distancetonearestwaterbody,sizeofthenearestwaterbody,distancetosidewalk,distancetogolfcourseanddistancetorailroadwerechosenasuniqueinstrumentalvariablesforeachofthesixopenspaceequationsofdistancetonearestevergreenforestpatch,dis-tancetonearestdeciduousforestpatch,distancetonearestmixedforestpatch,forestpatchdensity,forestedgedensityandmeanpatchsizeofforest,respectively.Inthesecondstage,Eq.(1)wasestimatedwitheitherOLSorlocally-weightedleastsquaresregressionafterreplacingPtheirpredictedvaluesfromEq.(2)(P
?iwith
i).
内容需要下载文档才能查看
406
ECOLOGICALECONOMICS66(2008)403–416
Fig.1–Thestudyareashowingthelocationofsamplehouses.
Henceforth,thelocallyweightedregressionmodeliscalledthe“localmodel”andtheOLSmodeliscalledthe“globalmodel”becausethelatermodelassumestherelationshiptobeconstanteverywhere.FollowingFotheringhametal.(2002),thesecondstagehedonicpriceequationforthelocalmodelisspecifiedas:??
?Ri¼b??X1þe
ð3Þ
Observationsforhousesincloserproximitytohouseihave
moreinfluenceintheestimationofthelocalparametersthanhouseslocatedfartheraway.Thatis,ÀÁ
?ðui;viÞ¼XTwðui;viÞXÀ1XTwðui;viÞYb
ð5Þ
?isavectorofvariablesincludingthepredictedopenwhereX
spacevariables,βisavectorofparameters,andεisavectorofrandomerrors.?isalogicalmultiplicationoperatorinwhicheachelementofβismultipliedbythecorrespondingelement
?and1isaconformablevectorof1's.WithnsetsoflocalofX
parameters,βtakestheform:b0ðu1;m1ÞBb0ðu2;m2Þb¼B@NNN
b0ðun;mnÞ
b1ðu1;m1Þb1ðu2;m2ÞNNNb1ðun;mnÞ
NNNNNNNNNNNN
1
bkðu1;m1Þbkðu2;m2ÞCCNNNAbkðun;mnÞ
?(ui,νi)representsanestimateofβ(ui,νi)andw(ui,νi)isanwhereβ
n×nspatialweightingmatrix.Anadaptivebi-weightfunctionisusedtogeographicallyweightedobservations.Thefunctionis“adaptive”inthesensethatthetraceofwexpandsorcontractsasthelocationchanges.Theadvantageofthisparticularweightingfunctionisthatithasthedesirablepropertiesofbeingcontinuouswhilegivingmoreweighttothenearestneighbors.Nearestneighborsarehypothesizedtoinfluenceeachotherbasedonacontinuousdecayfunction.Butobservationsoutsidetherangeofthenearestneighborsareassumedtohavenoinfluenceonhousei.Thebi-weightfunctionis
hÀÁ2i2
ifdijbdmaxðqÞ;otherwisewij¼0;wij¼1Àdij=dmaxðqÞ
ð6Þ
ð4Þ
where(ui,νi)denotesthecoordinates(longitude,latitude)of
housei.wherejrepresentsadatapointinspaceandirepresentsanypointinspacewherelocalparametersareestimated,dijis
内容需要下载文档才能查看the
ECOLOGICALECONOMICS66(2008)403–416
407
Table2–Descriptivestatisticsforvariablesusedinthetwo-stagemodelVariables
StructuralvariablesHouseprice($)Finishedarea(m2)Buildingage(years)Parcelsize(m2)StoriesGarageBedroomBrickPool
FireplaceConditionQuality
Neighborhoodvariables
Populationdensity(people/acre)Income($)
Traveltimetowork(min)Vacancyrate
UnemploymentrateImpairmentDowntown(m)Water(m)
Sizeofwater(m2)Sidewalk(m)Golfcourse(m)Railroad(m)
HighSchooldummyvariablesWestDoylePowellKarnsHallsGibbsFultonFarragutCentralCarterBeardenOthervariablesSeason
Primerate(%)
Openspaceamenities
Distancetonearestevergreenforestpatch(m)Distancetonearestdeciduousforestpatch(m)Distancetonearestmixedforestpatch(m)Forestpatchdensity(patches/100ha)Forestedgedensity(m/ha)Meanforestpatchsize(ha)Numberofobservations:9571.
Mean
117,786.70
168.6039.361791.39
1.260.533.000.250.050.670.590.39
Std.Dev.
94,609.26
89.1124.381873.79
0.430.490.710.430.210.600.490.48
Minimum
36,600
40.872164.1810000000
Maximum
1,803,683
1220.1410749,450.72
31811911
1.2824,092.91
21.590.060.040.4710,876.182078.652164.88394.102863.841622.720.8111,192.19
3.100.030.030.997601.971144.834247.33325.141375.171200.430.144482.00
0.000.000.000791.8313.462.447.08126.527.6030.0576,797.00
32.530.270.51330,168.616047.4111,987.402849.857071.836085.66
0.230.080.0020.040.00030.0050.130.180.170.020.070.420.280.040.210.010.070.330.380.370.140.260000000000011111111111
0.567.240.491.6304.6719.23
467.98325.51481.405.1734.553.75409.14283.07440.943.5232.397.280.300.300.300.000.000.002704.231558.073337.9815.32230.2687.72
Euclideandistancebetweenpointsiandj,anddmaxisthemaximumdistancebetweenobservationianditsqnearestneighbors(Fotheringhametal.,2002).Theweightattributedtoregressionpointiisone.Weightsattributedtothejobserva-tionsintheneighborhoodofiarelessthanoneandbecomezerowhenthedistancebetweeniandjisgreaterthandmax.Therefore,asdijincreases,theinfluenceofobservationjonlocalregressionpointidecreases.
2.2.Crossvalidation
Across-validationapproachselectstheoptimalnumberofneighbors(ClevelandandDevlin,1988).Thecross-validationfunctionis,
nÂXÃ2
?piðqÞyiÀyCrossvalidation¼min
q
i¼1
ð7Þ
下载文档
热门试卷
- 2016年四川省内江市中考化学试卷
- 广西钦州市高新区2017届高三11月月考政治试卷
- 浙江省湖州市2016-2017学年高一上学期期中考试政治试卷
- 浙江省湖州市2016-2017学年高二上学期期中考试政治试卷
- 辽宁省铁岭市协作体2017届高三上学期第三次联考政治试卷
- 广西钦州市钦州港区2016-2017学年高二11月月考政治试卷
- 广西钦州市钦州港区2017届高三11月月考政治试卷
- 广西钦州市钦州港区2016-2017学年高一11月月考政治试卷
- 广西钦州市高新区2016-2017学年高二11月月考政治试卷
- 广西钦州市高新区2016-2017学年高一11月月考政治试卷
- 山东省滨州市三校2017届第一学期阶段测试初三英语试题
- 四川省成都七中2017届高三一诊模拟考试文科综合试卷
- 2017届普通高等学校招生全国统一考试模拟试题(附答案)
- 重庆市永川中学高2017级上期12月月考语文试题
- 江西宜春三中2017届高三第一学期第二次月考文科综合试题
- 内蒙古赤峰二中2017届高三上学期第三次月考英语试题
- 2017年六年级(上)数学期末考试卷
- 2017人教版小学英语三年级上期末笔试题
- 江苏省常州西藏民族中学2016-2017学年九年级思想品德第一学期第二次阶段测试试卷
- 重庆市九龙坡区七校2016-2017学年上期八年级素质测查(二)语文学科试题卷
- 江苏省无锡市钱桥中学2016年12月八年级语文阶段性测试卷
- 江苏省无锡市钱桥中学2016-2017学年七年级英语12月阶段检测试卷
- 山东省邹城市第八中学2016-2017学年八年级12月物理第4章试题(无答案)
- 【人教版】河北省2015-2016学年度九年级上期末语文试题卷(附答案)
- 四川省简阳市阳安中学2016年12月高二月考英语试卷
- 四川省成都龙泉中学高三上学期2016年12月月考试题文科综合能力测试
- 安徽省滁州中学2016—2017学年度第一学期12月月考高三英语试卷
- 山东省武城县第二中学2016.12高一年级上学期第二次月考历史试题(必修一第四、五单元)
- 福建省四地六校联考2016-2017学年上学期第三次月考高三化学试卷
- 甘肃省武威第二十三中学2016—2017学年度八年级第一学期12月月考生物试卷
网友关注
- 教师资格考试备考资料:中学文言文古诗词导读(10)
- 中小学教师资格考试古诗词文言文(三)
- 中小学教师资格考试古诗词文言文(五)
- 2014年教师资格考试|专业辅导:常见文言虚词详解八
- 教师资格考试备考资料:中学文言文古诗词导读(13)
- 2014年教师资格考试|专业辅导:常见文言虚词详解七
- 教师资格考试备考资料:中学文言文古诗词导读(14)
- 教师资格考试备考资料:中学文言文古诗词导读(18)
- 教师资格考试备考资料:中学文言文古诗词导读(3)
- 教师资格考试备考资料:中学文言文古诗词导读(8)
- 2014年教师资格考试|专业辅导:常见文言实词详解二十二
- 中小学教师资格考试古诗词文言文(四)
- 教师资格考试备考资料:中学文言文古诗词导读(11)
- 教师资格考试备考资料:中学文言文古诗词导读(12)
- 教师资格考试备考资料:中学文言文古诗词导读(17)
- 教师资格考试备考资料:中学文言文古诗词导读(23)
- 教师资格考试备考资料:中学文言文古诗词导读(16)
- 2014年教师资格考试|专业辅导:常见文言虚词详解三
- 教师资格考试备考资料:中学文言文古诗词导读(21)
- 2014年教师资格考试|专业辅导:常见文言实词详解十九
- 2014年教师资格考试|专业辅导:常见文言虚词详解四
- 2014年教师资格考试|专业辅导:常见文言实词详解十六
- 2014年教师资格考试|专业辅导:常见文言实词详解二十一
- 中小学教师资格考试古诗词文言文(一)
- 2014年教师资格考试|专业辅导:常见文言实词详解十八
- 2014年教师资格考试|专业辅导:常见文言虚词详解六
- 教师资格考试备考资料:中学文言文古诗词导读(2)
- 教师资格考试备考资料:中学文言文古诗词导读(19)
- 中小学教师资格考试古诗词文言文(六)
- 中小学教师资格考试古诗词文言文(二)
网友关注视频
- 三年级英语单词记忆下册(沪教版)第一二单元复习
- 冀教版小学数学二年级下册1
- 河南省名校课堂七年级下册英语第一课(2020年2月10日)
- 沪教版牛津小学英语(深圳用) 四年级下册 Unit 8
- 8.对剪花样_第一课时(二等奖)(冀美版二年级上册)_T515402
- 冀教版小学数学二年级下册第二单元《租船问题》
- 北师大版小学数学四年级下册第15课小数乘小数一
- 冀教版小学数学二年级下册第二周第2课时《我们的测量》宝丰街小学庞志荣.mp4
- 沪教版八年级下册数学练习册21.3(3)分式方程P17
- 沪教版牛津小学英语(深圳用) 四年级下册 Unit 3
- 【部编】人教版语文七年级下册《泊秦淮》优质课教学视频+PPT课件+教案,天津市
- 外研版英语三起6年级下册(14版)Module3 Unit2
- 每天日常投篮练习第一天森哥打卡上脚 Nike PG 2 如何调整运球跳投手感?
- 冀教版小学数学二年级下册第二单元《有余数除法的简单应用》
- 七年级英语下册 上海牛津版 Unit9
- 苏教版二年级下册数学《认识东、南、西、北》
- 沪教版牛津小学英语(深圳用) 四年级下册 Unit 12
- 人教版历史八年级下册第一课《中华人民共和国成立》
- 冀教版英语四年级下册第二课
- 沪教版牛津小学英语(深圳用) 四年级下册 Unit 7
- 冀教版小学英语五年级下册lesson2教学视频(2)
- 外研版英语七年级下册module1unit3名词性物主代词讲解
- 人教版二年级下册数学
- 冀教版英语五年级下册第二课课程解读
- 第8课 对称剪纸_第一课时(二等奖)(沪书画版二年级上册)_T3784187
- 沪教版牛津小学英语(深圳用) 五年级下册 Unit 12
- 化学九年级下册全册同步 人教版 第25集 生活中常见的盐(二)
- 七年级英语下册 上海牛津版 Unit3
- 【部编】人教版语文七年级下册《过松源晨炊漆公店(其五)》优质课教学视频+PPT课件+教案,江苏省
- 第五单元 民族艺术的瑰宝_15. 多姿多彩的民族服饰_第二课时(市一等奖)(岭南版六年级上册)_T129830
精品推荐
- 2016-2017学年高一语文人教版必修一+模块学业水平检测试题(含答案)
- 广西钦州市高新区2017届高三11月月考政治试卷
- 浙江省湖州市2016-2017学年高一上学期期中考试政治试卷
- 浙江省湖州市2016-2017学年高二上学期期中考试政治试卷
- 辽宁省铁岭市协作体2017届高三上学期第三次联考政治试卷
- 广西钦州市钦州港区2016-2017学年高二11月月考政治试卷
- 广西钦州市钦州港区2017届高三11月月考政治试卷
- 广西钦州市钦州港区2016-2017学年高一11月月考政治试卷
- 广西钦州市高新区2016-2017学年高二11月月考政治试卷
- 广西钦州市高新区2016-2017学年高一11月月考政治试卷
分类导航
- 互联网
- 电脑基础知识
- 计算机软件及应用
- 计算机硬件及网络
- 计算机应用/办公自动化
- .NET
- 数据结构与算法
- Java
- SEO
- C/C++资料
- linux/Unix相关
- 手机开发
- UML理论/建模
- 并行计算/云计算
- 嵌入式开发
- windows相关
- 软件工程
- 管理信息系统
- 开发文档
- 图形图像
- 网络与通信
- 网络信息安全
- 电子支付
- Labview
- matlab
- 网络资源
- Python
- Delphi/Perl
- 评测
- Flash/Flex
- CSS/Script
- 计算机原理
- PHP资料
- 数据挖掘与模式识别
- Web服务
- 数据库
- Visual Basic
- 电子商务
- 服务器
- 搜索引擎优化
- 存储
- 架构
- 行业软件
- 人工智能
- 计算机辅助设计
- 多媒体
- 软件测试
- 计算机硬件与维护
- 网站策划/UE
- 网页设计/UI
- 网吧管理