教育资源为主的文档平台

当前位置: 查字典文档网> 所有文档分类> 人文社科> 文学研究> An investigation of food tourism in Chongqing

An investigation of food tourism in Chongqing

上传者:梅士员
|
上传时间:2015-05-07
|
次下载

An investigation of food tourism in Chongqing

美食游调查分析

An Investigation of Food Tourism in Chongqing

Qian ChenPlymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom

Abstract

Food has been playing an important role in tourism. It is suggested that food is regarded as one of the most important factors in deciding a destination and adding extra value to the image of destination. This paper aims to investigate the role of food in motivating tourists to visit Chongqing and explore the importance of food tourism to Chongqing. A questionnaire survey was carried out, resulting in a total of 565 respondents contributing their opinions. The result indicates that in the pre-stage of travel, food do have an in?uence in motivating tourists to visit Chongqing. However, the role of food is still not highly rated by the tourists, which needs a better promotion to let tourists know about the Chongqing food.

Key Words: Food tourism, Chongqing, China

Introduction

It is widely acknowledged that food is one of the basic needs for people (Selwood, 2003; Holloway, 1998 cited in Tikkanen, 2007). Food has pleasant memories for the tourists, providing enjoyment and opportunities. Tourism is a context full of novelty, offering tourists new opportunities in food consumption rather than for merely maintaining their food habits and routines (Quan & Wang, 2004; Henderson, 2009). Consequently, it is claimed that gastronomic experience could become one of major motivations for travel (Du rand et al., 2003). As Hall and Mitchell (2001) suggest that now there exists an increasing recognition that food is an indispensable factor of the tourism market as well as an indispensable part of the travel experience. There is a growing interest of studies and research on food tourism(Everett & Aitchison, 2008;Hijalager & Richards, 2002). Many researchers (e.g. (Hjalager& Corigliano, 2000; Boniface, 2003; Quan & Wang, 2004; Everett & Aitchison, 2008) argue that food tourism is of great signi?cance in many different aspects including economy, marketing, culture, enhancing place identity and achieving sustainable development. This research chooses Chongqing, a signi?cant city in the south west of China who is well known for its spicy food, as a case study. The aim of this research is to explore the importance of food tourism to Chongqing. This paper critically reviews the existing literature related to food tourism and focuses on exploring in the pre-travel stage, how food affects the motivation of the tourists to visit Chongqing.Literature Review

With growing interests and information on food tourism, it has become one of the most popular topics in tourism industry (Quan & Wang, 2004; Kim et al., 2011). When it comes to the de?nition of food tourism, there are some arguments among the literature sources. Based on the analysis of de?nitions of food tourism from different literature sources, it could be concluded that food tourism refers to a term, which involves the tourists taking tasting or experiencing a particular type of food and the speci?c production region

内容需要下载文档才能查看 内容需要下载文档才能查看

learning local culture and food features as their primary motivation (Hall & Sharples, 2003; 110

美食游调查分析

Hall & Mitchell, 2005; Wang, et al., 2007;Tikkannen, 2007;Everett& & Aitchison, 2008; Kim, et al., 2009). It is argued that not any trip to a restaurant is food tourism, this kind of travel must take the desire to experience a particular type of food or the produce of a speci?c region or even to taste the dishes of a particular chef as the major motivation (Hall & Sharples; 2003). As the pursuit of unique and memorable eating and drinking experiences, food tourism provides a way of linking local food systems with the tourist experience (Green & Gougherty, 2008).

It is widely acknowledged that food is one of the basic needs for people (Selwood, 2003; Holloway, 1998 cited in Tikkanen, 2007). As a physical necessity, food is an in?uential eye-catcher and it strongly represents the quality of life (Hialager & Corigliano, 2000; Hall & Sharples, 2003; Frochot, 2003). It is acknowledged that there is a positive link between food and the destination (Sims, 2009; Okumus, et al., 2007). Similarly, it is put that food and the travel destination are mutually bene?cial for the reason that the destination could make food a perfect product for tourist consumption (Fields, 2002). It is then accepted that food is regarded as a fundamental and essential element of the tourist product (Reynolds, 1994cited in Hjalager & Corigliano, 2000). Likewise, there exists an increasing recognition that food is an indispensable factor of the tourism market as well as an indispensable part of the travel experience (Hall & Mitchell, 2001; Hjalager & Richard, 2002).

However, the reality is the importance of food has often been ignored (Hall & Sharples, 2003; Rand et al., 2003). Tourism is reported to be the world’s largest industry after the Second World War with food consumption takes up nearly one-third of all tourists spending (Torres 2000 cited in Torres, 2002;Mowforth & Munt, 1998 cited in Torres, 2002;Hashimoto &Telfer,2006;Wu,2010; Wu & Tang,2010). It is indicated that food is a primary trip motivator in the touristic experience (Quan & Wang, 2004). As Kim, et al (2011) claim, food tourism should be paid special attention to for its important values and contributions to the destination in various aspects. Precisely, it is of great signi?cance in many aspects including politics, economy, culture, technology and environment and all of them come together when we consume (Beer, 2008).

As Handszuh (2002); Green and Dougherty (2009) suggest that local food could contribute to the local economy, making the destination authentic. The economic impact of food tourism was emphasized in the earlier research (Handszuh, 2000 cited in Lee & Arcoia, 2011). It is suggested that the different expressions of food tourism could create lots of economic opportunities, which would bene?t a range of tourism and tourism-related businesses (Meler & Cerovic, 2003; Henderson, 2009; Wu, 2010). It is not only a good way to increase tourist spending but also a means of extending the tourist season and assisting marketing (Everett & Aitchison, 2008). What’s more, food consumption could generate revenues as well as generate jobs and incomes for the destination (Elmont, 1995cited in Rand, et al., 2003; Dittermer, 2001cited in Quan & Wang, 2004). As a result, it is suggested that food tourism has an important role in generating economy (Jones & Jenkins, 2002; Okumus et al., 2007; Kivela & Crotts, 2006).

Moreover, food tourism is of great importance in the destination marketing. Gastronomy is suggested to have already become the focus of tourism policies (Du Rand et al., 2003). It is indicated that local food could act as a necessity, an innovation or a pull factor in regional tourism marketing strategy (Hjalager & Richards, 2002; Sharples, 2003; Boniface, 2003). As well as the marketing of food by tourism businesses, the appeal of food to tourists has been recognised by destination marketers at a national, regional and

内容需要下载文档才能查看 内容需要下载文档才能查看

local 111

美食游调查分析

level (Frochot, 2003; Okumus et al., 2006; Henderson, 2009). As Du Rand et al.(2003); Boyne and Hall (2004); Tellstrom et al (2006) put that food tourism is becoming a useful marketing tool in destination branding and promoting.

Mason and Paggiaro (2009) suggest that a large number of tourists want to get themselves involved in the culture of the place they are visiting by having appealing experiences with people, cuisine and other cultural activities. It is explained that tourists are now beginning to take food as a key component of their travel experience and as a necessity to understand the local culture (Macdonalds, 2001 cited in Telfer & Hashimoto, 2003;Boyne & Hall, 2003). As a result, it is asserted that food could act as an affecting reminder of the cultural identity and traditions (Westering, 1999; Frochot, 2003; Tellstrom et al., 2006). It is helpful in identifying a destination as well as enhancing the identity of the destination (Boniface, 2003; Long, 2004; Okumusa, et al., 2004; Quan & Wang, 2004). It is widely acknowledged that as the growing importance and popularity of food tourism, there is an increasing number of studies and research on food tourism (Everett & Aitchison, 2008;Hijalager & Richards). However, there are still many limitations in the existing research. Speci?cally, most of the food tourism researches are examined from the suppliers’ perspective instead of the visitors’ perspective (Wang & Zhong, 2007; Henderson, 2009; Gao & Yang, 2011). It does not actually examine the food experience of tourists and their perspectives. Moreover, it is hard to ?nd a combined research that analyses the de?nition, forms and the importance of food tourism and also works out the promoting strategies for the DMOs.

Methodology

In order to achieve the purpose of this study, both secondary and primary sources of information were used. Based on the review of relevant literature, it is apparent that there has already existed a lot of research in food tourism, which could provide a substantial source of data to the study. Secondary research involved an analysis of materials like books, journals; information posted on the Internet websites; and some databases. However, it has been realized that the secondary data might have some mistakes which could be dif?cult to recognise, the sources might contain some old information and there might have limitations in the research design and data analysis, which might not be ideal for the current project (Frankfort-Nachmias & Nachmias, 1996; Bailey, 1987; Veal, 2006). As the special context of this paper is to investigate the food tourism in Chongqing, therefore, the research still has to rely on the primary data. Speci?cally, it is clearly illustrated that after a detailed review of relevant literature sources, a questionnaire survey with a series of structured questions was designed. To design the questionnaire, a range of secondary sources both in the English context and Chinese context were consulted (Boniface, 2003; Okumusa, et al., 2004; Lee & Arcoia, 2011; Song & Zhang, 2010; Xu, 2011). Questionnaire survey could result in large sample sizes, which could provide enough information, and the information could be easily summarized and analysed using computers (Brunt, 1997; Bryman, 2008; Cooper & Emory, 2011).

The sample for this study could be de?ned as people who are now travelling in Chongqing or who have ever travelled to Chongqing before. The research mainly involves two different ways to collect data. One is to use the on-site survey in Chongqing, which is conducted on the street by the interviewers. The interviewers choose the respondent from every two people passing by. It is recognized

内容需要下载文档才能查看 内容需要下载文档才能查看

that every tourist who is now visiting 112

美食游调查分析

Chongqing has the same chance of being selected. This survey is also open to the tourists who have been to Chongqing in the past, who are widely scattered geographically. Consequently, it is suggested that the on-site survey might be impossibly expensive and achievable; therefore, the respondent-completed way should also be included (Frankfort- Nachmias & Nachmias, 1996; Veal, 2006; Bryman, 2008). Precisely, the questionnaire is put on the Internet and the people who have been to Chongqing for travelling could get access to answer it. The sample for this study could be de?ned as people who are now travelling in Chongqing or who have ever travelled to Chongqing before. 565 usable questionnaires were collected during the data collection stage.As Brunt (1997) put that data analysis is a crucial part in the travel and tourism research. It is recognized that using software to analyse data is practical and effective (Brunt, 1997; Zikmund, 2003; Bryman & Bell, 2011). In this research, one of the most commonly used and effective software applications SPSS is used to analyse the quantitative data (David & Sutton, 2004; Bryman & Teevan, 2005).

Results and Discussions

The pro?le of the respondent is presented in Table 1 below. The majority of the respondents (70%) were in the age group 18-30,takeing up around three times than that of the middle-aged group (31—40). Gender groups were distributed almost evenly, with 47.8% was male and 52.2% was female.

Table 1 Pro?le of Respondents

Variable

内容需要下载文档才能查看

Education

Junior School Or BelowSenior SchoolBachelor

Master or Doctor AgeBelow 1818-3031-4041-50??Above 51GenderMaleFemale

270295

47.852.2

5389130356

0.968.823.06.21.1

33347950

0.55.884.88.8

Frequency

内容需要下载文档才能查看

Percent

113

美食游调查分析

Reviewing the basic information of the respondents, it is suggested that the respondents were characterized by high educational level, shown in Table 1 Pro?le of Respondents, with around 93.6% having bachelor degree or above. The ?ndings above appear to have some similarities with the demographic pro?le of the tourists in the previous researches about food tourism that the tourists were younger and have a high education level (Mckercher et al, 2008; Kim et al, 2011).When it comes to the ?rst question in the questionnaire, reviewing the statistics shown in Figure 1 ‘Visiting Times of Tourists to Chongqing’ that of all the respondents, around half of them have visited Chongqing more than one time and all of them have at least visited Chongqing for once.

内容需要下载文档才能查看

Figure 1. Visiting Times of Tourists to Chongqing

Regarding the factors that describe tourists’ interest to visit Chongqing, each of them was scored using a 7-point Likert scale (1-least interest, 7-most interest). It is shown in Table 2 ‘Interests to Visit’ that the highest average rating (5.46) of the interest to visit Chongqing is visiting for sightseeing. Visiting for food was in the second place, which has an average rating of 5.13. As for the other two interests like visiting for work or study and visiting for friends or families, the rating is below 4.

It could be seen that traditional tourism form of sightseeing is still people’s biggest interest. Chongqing has picturesque landscapes. Its landform is uneven and the buildings there distribute in an intriguing way. There are many famous tourist attractions include People's Liberation Monument, Three Gorges, Dazu Rock Carvings and Ci Qi Kou village that motivate tourists to come. However, it is also quite surprising that food also got a very high rating of 5.13, indicating that visitors to Chongqing do have very high interests in the food. It is widely acknowledged in China that Chongqing cuisine is very spicy and is known for its creative new dishes with various materials. It is a branch of Sichuan cuisine which is the leader of the four major cuisines of China. The representative dishes include Chongqing hotpot, boiled ?sh, boiled ?sh with pickled vegetable, old duck soup, hot and sour rice noodles, spicy chicken, Quanshui chicken, etc, among which hotpot is most famous. In addition, it is suggested that the city center of Chongqing is ?lled with restaurants and food stalls where people could easily pick up the exciting spicy delicacies. Reviewed from the statistics, it is indicated that the various Chongqing food

内容需要下载文档才能查看 内容需要下载文档才能查看

do have the potential to appeal to the tourists.

114

版权声明:此文档由查字典文档网用户提供,如用于商业用途请与作者联系,查字典文档网保持最终解释权!

下载文档

热门试卷

2016年四川省内江市中考化学试卷
广西钦州市高新区2017届高三11月月考政治试卷
浙江省湖州市2016-2017学年高一上学期期中考试政治试卷
浙江省湖州市2016-2017学年高二上学期期中考试政治试卷
辽宁省铁岭市协作体2017届高三上学期第三次联考政治试卷
广西钦州市钦州港区2016-2017学年高二11月月考政治试卷
广西钦州市钦州港区2017届高三11月月考政治试卷
广西钦州市钦州港区2016-2017学年高一11月月考政治试卷
广西钦州市高新区2016-2017学年高二11月月考政治试卷
广西钦州市高新区2016-2017学年高一11月月考政治试卷
山东省滨州市三校2017届第一学期阶段测试初三英语试题
四川省成都七中2017届高三一诊模拟考试文科综合试卷
2017届普通高等学校招生全国统一考试模拟试题(附答案)
重庆市永川中学高2017级上期12月月考语文试题
江西宜春三中2017届高三第一学期第二次月考文科综合试题
内蒙古赤峰二中2017届高三上学期第三次月考英语试题
2017年六年级(上)数学期末考试卷
2017人教版小学英语三年级上期末笔试题
江苏省常州西藏民族中学2016-2017学年九年级思想品德第一学期第二次阶段测试试卷
重庆市九龙坡区七校2016-2017学年上期八年级素质测查(二)语文学科试题卷
江苏省无锡市钱桥中学2016年12月八年级语文阶段性测试卷
江苏省无锡市钱桥中学2016-2017学年七年级英语12月阶段检测试卷
山东省邹城市第八中学2016-2017学年八年级12月物理第4章试题(无答案)
【人教版】河北省2015-2016学年度九年级上期末语文试题卷(附答案)
四川省简阳市阳安中学2016年12月高二月考英语试卷
四川省成都龙泉中学高三上学期2016年12月月考试题文科综合能力测试
安徽省滁州中学2016—2017学年度第一学期12月月考​高三英语试卷
山东省武城县第二中学2016.12高一年级上学期第二次月考历史试题(必修一第四、五单元)
福建省四地六校联考2016-2017学年上学期第三次月考高三化学试卷
甘肃省武威第二十三中学2016—2017学年度八年级第一学期12月月考生物试卷

网友关注视频

第8课 对称剪纸_第一课时(二等奖)(沪书画版二年级上册)_T3784187
第五单元 民族艺术的瑰宝_15. 多姿多彩的民族服饰_第二课时(市一等奖)(岭南版六年级上册)_T129830
冀教版英语四年级下册第二课
北师大版数学 四年级下册 第三单元 第二节 小数点搬家
冀教版小学数学二年级下册第二单元《有余数除法的竖式计算》
冀教版小学数学二年级下册第二周第2课时《我们的测量》宝丰街小学庞志荣
外研版八年级英语下学期 Module3
化学九年级下册全册同步 人教版 第22集 酸和碱的中和反应(一)
七年级英语下册 上海牛津版 Unit5
冀教版小学英语五年级下册lesson2教学视频(2)
三年级英语单词记忆下册(沪教版)第一二单元复习
8.练习八_第一课时(特等奖)(苏教版三年级上册)_T142692
《空中课堂》二年级下册 数学第一单元第1课时
沪教版八年级下册数学练习册21.3(2)分式方程P15
【部编】人教版语文七年级下册《过松源晨炊漆公店(其五)》优质课教学视频+PPT课件+教案,辽宁省
沪教版牛津小学英语(深圳用) 五年级下册 Unit 7
苏科版数学八年级下册9.2《中心对称和中心对称图形》
沪教版牛津小学英语(深圳用) 四年级下册 Unit 4
【部编】人教版语文七年级下册《逢入京使》优质课教学视频+PPT课件+教案,安徽省
8 随形想象_第一课时(二等奖)(沪教版二年级上册)_T3786594
外研版英语七年级下册module3 unit2第二课时
冀教版小学英语四年级下册Lesson2授课视频
沪教版牛津小学英语(深圳用)五年级下册 Unit 1
第五单元 民族艺术的瑰宝_16. 形形色色的民族乐器_第一课时(岭南版六年级上册)_T1406126
河南省名校课堂七年级下册英语第一课(2020年2月10日)
七年级英语下册 上海牛津版 Unit9
沪教版牛津小学英语(深圳用) 六年级下册 Unit 7
北师大版八年级物理下册 第六章 常见的光学仪器(二)探究凸透镜成像的规律
每天日常投篮练习第一天森哥打卡上脚 Nike PG 2 如何调整运球跳投手感?
青岛版教材五年级下册第四单元(走进军营——方向与位置)用数对确定位置(一等奖)