限定词

3. 限定词

3.1 the + adj.或分词的意义和数量

the + adj.或分词表示“一类人”，为复数概念。例如：the poor(穷人)，the rich(富人)，the living(活着的人)，the wounded(受伤的人)。

【例如】The wounded have been sent to hospital.

3.2 what, such, quite, rather修饰单数可数名词

what, such, quite修饰单数可数名词时，放在不定冠词前。

【例如】

What a mess!

I wrote quite a long letter to my parents.

She is such a good teacher that every one likes her.

rather修饰单数可数名词时，可放在不定冠词前后。

【例如】

This is a rather moving film. (This is rather a moving film.)

such与so修饰单数可数名词时注意不定冠词的位置，常见结构为：such+ a/an+形容词+名词；so+形容词+a/an+名词。

【例如】

This is such a difficult task that we can't finish it within one week.

He has so good a book that everyone comes to borrow it from him.

3.3 many, much, few, little, a few, a little

1) many, much都表示“许多”, many修饰可数名词复数, much修饰不可数名词。many, much构成的词组有：too many, too much; so much, so many; a great many(修饰可数名词复数)。

【例如】

There are many peasants working in the field.

Did you spend much time on your work?

You have made so many mistakes that I even don't know how to correct them.

As a student, one should read a great many books which are essential to enriching one's knowledge.

2) few, little, a few, a little

few, a few修饰可数名词，little, a little修饰不可数名词。few, little具有否定意义，表示“几乎没有”，a few, a little具有肯定意义，表示“一些”。

【例如】

He is a man of few words, which means he is a silent person.

Hurry up, we've only got a little time left.

The village is quite small. There are only a few houses in it.

I know little about nature.

1

* quite a few表示许多，修饰可数名词复数。

【例如】Quite a few students in my class like music, especially pop music.

3.4 either, neither

1) either指两者中的任何一个，neither指两者都不。作代词时，either, neither一般接单数动词。作限定词时，一般加单数名词。

【例如】

Either of them will be appointed Minister of Finance.

Neither of the two speaks English well.

You must not favor either side in the dispute.

In neither case can I agree with you.

2) either...or表示两个或多个选择中的一项。neither...nor表示“既不，也不”。either...or, neither...nor连接的两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词与最靠近它的主语一致。

【例如】

He neither knows nor cares what has happened.

Neither he nor I have met such a beautiful girl before.

He must be either mad or drunk.

Either she or you are to be blamed for what has happened.

3) either表示也不，用于否定句。(too表示“也”，用于肯定句。)

【例如】

I don't like the yellow shirt, I don't like the green one, either.

4) neither可以引导倒装句，表示和前面的情况一致，而且前面为否定句。

【例如】

The organization had broken no rules, but______had it acted responsibly. (CET-4 1996,1)

A) neither B) so C) either D) both

neither引导倒装句，表示和前面的否定情况一致。so引导倒装句，表示和前面的肯定情况一致。either表示两者中的一个，both表示两者都。答案为A.

3.5 each，every

1)every指“每一个”，强调全体，故常常译成“人人，大家”；each也指“每一个”，但强调个体，一般译成“每个”。

【例如】

Every student has access to good books.

Each of them has got their own reward.

2) each可以作代词，也可以作限定词，every只能作限定词。each的位置灵活，every只能放在名词前面。

【例如】

They each put forward a different proposal.

On each occasion, I missed the target.

The teacher had words of encouragement for each one of us.

Such terrible things don't happen every day.

2

3) every可以与基数词、序数词、other和few连用，表示时间或空间的间隔。译为“每”或“每隔”。

【例如】

There are buses to the station every ten minutes.

Write on every other line.

He was stopped every dozen yards by friends who wanted to congratulate him.

4) every构成的短语和复合词：every now and then (＝from time to time),every time (＝whenever)everybody, everyone, everyday (adj.), everything, everywhere(adv.)

【例如】

Every time I meet him, he tries to borrow money from me.

It is necessary for us to learn some everyday English for the sake of the future Olympic games.

Is money everything to you?

I have looked everywhere for him, but I failed.

3.6 both ,all, every, each ,neither, either

both, all both指“两者都”，all指三个或三个以上“所有的”，可以修饰名词，也可以作代词用。 【例如】 Both sides approve of your proposal, therefore we can carry it out. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. Both of them are excellent. I really don't know whom to choose. That is all I can do and all I want to say.

3.7 other, another

1) other既可以修饰可数名词又可以修饰不可数名词。the other表示两者中的另外一个，与one搭配：the others指已提到的其它部分，与some搭配。

【例如】

I have no other choice but to wait until he comes back.

There are two ways for you to choose. One is to follow my instructions, the other is to finish

everything by yourself.

In the classroom, some students are reading, while the others are busy writing.

2) another表示“另一，再一”，一般修饰单数可数名词，前面不能用冠词。在表示时间、金钱、距离的短语前，可以用于有数词修饰的复数名词前。

【例如】

When we were talking, another man came and joined in our discussion.

This shirt is too dirty. I will put on another one.

We need to walk another three miles before we reach the village.

I will wait for you for another three minutes. You need to hurry.

由another构成的词组：one after another (＝one by one)

【例如】

The students came into the classroom one after another, followed by the teacher.

3

one another (＝each other)

【例如】

Confronted with common difficulty, we should trust one another.

3.8 some, any, no组成的复合词

1)由some, any, no组成的复合代词：someone, something, somebody, anyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody, nothing这些代词只能用作单数，用法与some, any, no相似。

【例如】

No one in the family could understand Jack.

There is something important in today's newspaper. Do read it carefully.

There is nothing important in the meeting. We'd better stop now.

everyone, someone, anyone与every one，some one，any one用法不同。前者有所有格，而后者没有。everyone, someone, anyone指人，而every one，some one，any one可以指人，也可指物。

【例如】

I have no interest in anyone's personal things.

Don't you believe that I do this for everyone's sake?

These books, any one of which is of great value, are written by a famous modern writer.

Anyone has the right to vote if he is an adult citizen.

2)由some, any, no组成的复合副词：somewhere, nowhere, anywhere, somehow, anyhow, somewhat

【例如】

I am sure you will find him somewhere near the school.

I went nowhere during the vocation.

Anyhow, we must try our best to save him. (anyhow: by any possible means)

We must get money for the rent somehow. (somehow: in some way, by one means or another) I am somewhat disappointed at his decision. (somewhat: in some degree)

3.9 some, any, no 的用法

1)some, any, no既可用于可数名词也可用于不可数名词，表示不肯定的数量。

【例如】

I have hardly any coffee left.

There are some books and a pen on the table.

Hurry up, there is no time left.

* no用作限定词，相当于not any/not a.

【例如】

This old man has no relatives, so he has to depend on his neighbors for a living.(This old man doesn't have any relatives, so he has to depend on his neighbors for a living.)

2) any通常用于否定句或疑问句，some用于肯定句。

【例如】

Do you have any questions about the passage?

No, I don't have any questions about it, but I have some questions about the assignment.

此外，* some也可用于疑问句，表示说话人希望得到肯定回答。

4

【例如】

Would you like to have some tea?

Would you mind buying me some sweet?

* any常用于if引导的状语从句。

【例如】

If any letters arrive for me, can you sent them to this address?

If you have any requirement, you can ask me.

* any也可以用于肯定句，表示任何。

【例如】

The medicine is on sale everywhere. You can get it at ______ chemist's. (CET-4 1997,6)

A) each B) some C) certain D) any

each表示各个，some表示一些，certain表示一定的，any用于肯定句时，表示任何，故根据意思，答案为D。

3) some, any, no可以与more连用，表示“更多”。

【例如】

Please give me some more water, for I am really thirsty.

I have no more good ideas. I am at my wit's end.

Do you have any more books available?

4) some, any与单数可数名词连用时可表达特定含义。

【例如】

Any boy in the class can pass the exam. (any boy=every boy)Some guy did it without being known by the others. (some＝a certain)

5