毕业论文——活性炭、陶瓷颗粒和硅藻土吸附去除污水中氨氮的研究(初稿)(1)

环境工程毕业论文

活性炭、多孔陶瓷颗粒、硅藻土吸附去除水中氨氮的研究

摘 要

随着我国城市化和工业化进程的加快，人民生活水平的不断提高，我国用水需求正在不断增大；同时我国经济的飞速发展和工业的不断发展，使得水资源保护压力越来越大。水资源短缺和水体污染是目前我国环境保护中亟待解决的问题。

我国的水体污染主要是由于各种未经处理或只经过简单处理的含有有毒有害物质的工业废水和生活污水排入天然水体造成的。水体污染主要分为水体富营养化、氨氮污染以及重金属污染。

本论文中所使用的水样是实验室自配的氯化铵溶液模拟氨氮废水，采用纳氏试剂光度法研究吸附剂活性炭、多孔陶瓷颗粒和硅藻土对模拟氨氮废水的吸附效果。通过实验研究吸附剂活性炭、多孔陶瓷颗粒和硅藻土吸附去除氨氮的影响因素，包括吸附剂投加量、pH值和接触时间等因素，在此基础上探究确定吸附剂最佳实验条件。同时探寻吸附剂活性炭、多孔陶瓷颗粒和硅藻土的吸附机理和吸附等温线，进行动力学方程的拟合。

实验结果表明，在温度为293 K，氨氮浓度为50 mg/L的条件下，活性炭的最佳投加比例为2 g/50 mL，最佳反应时间为1 h；多孔陶瓷颗粒的最佳投加比例为9 g/50 mL，最佳吸附时间为1.5 h；硅藻土的最佳投加比例为4 g/50 mL，最佳吸附反应时间为1.5 h。在pH值对吸附效果的影响实验中，酸性和碱性条件对吸附剂活性炭、多孔陶瓷颗粒和硅藻土均有改性作用，氨氮去除率均高于中性条件。在各吸附剂的最佳实验条件下，当溶液pH=7.0时，氨氮去除率分别为：65.46%、65.87%和64.63%。

关键词：活性炭，多孔陶瓷，硅藻土，吸附，氨氮

I

环境工程毕业论文

STUDIES ON AMMONIA-NITROGEN REMOVAL FROM WATER WITH ACTIVATED CARBON AND POROUS CERAMIC PARTICLES

AND DIATOMITE

ABSTERACT

Along with the speeding up of urbanization and industrialization and the continuous improvement of people's living standards make the water demand in our country is increasing. At the same time, the rapid development of China's economic and industrial development, make water resources protection becoming more difficult. Water shortage and water pollution is a problem that should be solved in the environmental protection of our country.

The water pollution in our country is mainly due to a variety of untreated or treated through simple industrial and domestic wastewater which contains toxic and hazardous substances discharged into natural water bodies. Water pollution is mainly divided into eutrophication, ammonia nitrogen pollution and heavy metal pollution.

The water samples used in this paper was prepared by ammonium chloride solution in the laboratory. The residual ammonia content was measured by Nessler’Sreagent Spectrophotometric. We study the factors of the adsorbents including activated carbon, porous ceramic particles and diatomite which include the adsorbent dosage, pH and contact time etc. And determine the optimum conditions of the adsorbents. On the other hand, we explore the mechanism of adsorption and fit adsorption isotherms of adsorbents and kinetic equations.

The experimental results show that the optimal dosing proportion of activated carbon is 2 g/50 mL, and for porous ceramic particles is 9 g/50 mL and for diatomite is 4 g/50 mL under a temperature of 293 K and the conditions of ammonia concentration of 50 mg / L. The optimum reaction time was 1 h for activated carbon, 1.5 h for porous ceramic particles and

1.5 h for diatomite, respectively. The experiments of the effect of pH on the adsorption show that the adsorbents such as activated carbon, porous ceramic particles and diatomite were modified by hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. Therefor under the conditions of acid and alkali the ammonia removal efficiency was higher than neutral conditions. At pH = 7.0 and under the optimum conditions for each adsorbent, the ammonia removal were 65.46% for activated carbon, 65.87% for porous ceramic particles and 64.63% for diatomite, respectively.

KEY WORDS: Activated Carbon, Porous Ceramic Particles, Diatomite, Adsorption, Ammonia-Nitrogen

II

环境工程毕业论文

目 录

摘要 ............................................................................................................................................ I ABSTERACT ........................................................................................................................... II 目录 ......................................................................................................................................... III

第一章 绪论 ........................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 我国水资源现状 ................................................................................................................ 1

1.1.1 水资源短缺 ............................................................................................................. 1

1.1.2 水体污染 ................................................................................................................. 1

（1）水体富营养化 ......................................................................................................... 2

（2）氨氮的污染 ............................................................................................................. 2

（3）重金属污染 ............................................................................................................. 3

1.2 污水脱氮技术研究现状 .................................................................................................... 3

1.2.1 物理化学脱氮法 ..................................................................................................... 3

（1）吹脱 汽提 ............................................................................................................. 3

（2）化学沉淀法 ............................................................................................................. 4

（3）电解法 ..................................................................................................................... 4

（4）湿式催化氧化法 ..................................................................................................... 4

（5）膜分离法 ................................................................................................................. 4

（6）折点加氯法 ............................................................................................................. 4

（7）催化反硝化 ............................................................................................................. 5

（8）选择性离子交换法 ................................................................................................. 5

（9）吸附法 ..................................................................................................................... 5

1.2.2 生物脱氮技术 ......................................................................................................... 5

（1）传统生物脱氮技术 ................................................................................................. 5

（2）同步硝化反硝化（SND） ..................................................................................... 5

（3）短程硝化反硝化法 ................................................................................................. 6

（4）厌氧氨氧化 ............................................................................................................. 6

1.3 本课题研究的目的、内容和意义 .................................................................................... 6

1.3.1 本课题研究的目的和意义 ..................................................................................... 6

（1）活性炭 ..................................................................................................................... 6

（2）多孔陶瓷 ................................................................................................................. 7

（3）硅藻土 ..................................................................................................................... 7

1.3.2 研究内容 ................................................................................................................. 7

第二章 活性炭吸附去除废水中氨氮的研究 ....................................................................... 9

2.1 活性炭的发展及废水处理上的应用 ................................................................................ 9

2.1.1 活性炭的应用发展 ................................................................................................. 9

（1）活性炭在净水处理中的应用 ................................................................................. 9

（2）活性炭在废水处理中的应用 ............................................................................... 10

2.1.2 存在问题 ............................................................................................................... 11

2.2 活性炭的结构和吸附机理 .............................................................................................. 11

III

环境工程毕业论文

2.3 活性炭吸附去除废水中氨氮（NH3-N）的静态试验 ................................................... 11

2.3.1 实验设备和仪器 ................................................................................................... 11

2.3.2 实验药品、试剂以及水样 ................................................................................... 12

2.3.3 氨氮标准曲线的绘制 ........................................................................................... 12

（1）纳氏试剂的制备 ................................................................................................... 12

（2）酒石酸钾钠溶液的制备 ....................................................................................... 13

（3）氨氮标准储备液以及使用液的制备 ................................................................... 13

（4）氢氧化钠溶液和盐酸的制备 ............................................................................... 13

（5）标准曲线的绘制 ................................................................................................... 13

2.3.4活性炭投加量对氨氮去除率影响的实验研究 .................................................... 14

（1）水样的配置 ........................................................................................................... 14

（2）实验过程及结果 ................................................................................................... 14

2.3.5 pH值对氨氮去除率的影响 .................................................................................. 15

2.3.6 接触时间对氨氮吸附效果的影响 ....................................................................... 15

2.3.7 吸附等温线的测定 ............................................................................................... 16

2.4 小结——最佳实验条件的确定 ...................................................................................... 17

第三章 多孔陶瓷吸附去除废水中氨氮的研究 ................................................................. 19

3.1 多孔陶瓷的结构及其应用 .............................................................................................. 19

3.1.1 多孔陶瓷的发展及其结构特点 ........................................................................... 19

3.1.2 多孔陶瓷的应用 ................................................................................................... 19

3.2 多孔陶瓷吸附去除废水中氨氮的实验研究 .................................................................. 19

3.2.1 实验仪器和试剂 ................................................................................................... 20

3.2.2 多孔陶瓷颗粒投加量对吸附效果的影响实验 ................................................... 20

3.2.3 水样pH值对陶瓷颗粒吸附去除氨氮的影响研究 ............................................ 20

3.2.4 接触时间对氨氮吸附效果的影响实验 ............................................................... 21

3.2.5 多孔陶瓷颗粒吸附氨氮的吸附等温线 ............................................................... 22

3.3 本章小结——最佳实验条件的确定 .............................................................................. 23

第四章 硅藻土吸附去除废水中氨氮的研究 ..................................................................... 24

4.1 硅藻土的应用及其发展 .................................................................................................. 24

4.1.1 硅藻土的来源 ....................................................................................................... 24

4.1.2 硅藻土的功能及其应用现状 ............................................................................... 24

（1）过滤功能 ............................................................................................................... 24

（2）吸附功能 ............................................................................................................... 24

4.2 硅藻土去除废水中氨氮的实验研究 .............................................................................. 25

4.2.1 实验仪器、试剂以及水样 ................................................................................... 25

4.2.2硅藻土投加量对吸附效果的影响实验 ................................................................ 25

4.2.3 水样pH值对氨氮吸附效果的影响研究 ............................................................ 26

4.2.4 接触时间对氨氮吸附效果的影响实验 ............................................................... 26

4.2.5 硅藻土吸附氨氮的吸附等温线 ........................................................................... 27

4.3 小结——最佳实验条件的确定 ...................................................................................... 28

第五章 吸附动力学分析 ..................................................................................................... 29

5.1 吸附 .................................................................................................................................. 29

5.2 吸附动力学 ...................................................................................................................... 29

IV

环境工程毕业论文

5.2.1 吸附动力学 ........................................................................................................... 29

5.2.2 吸附过程 ............................................................................................................... 29

（1）颗粒外部扩散（又称膜扩散）阶段 ................................................................... 29

（2）颗粒内部扩散阶段 ............................................................................................... 29

（3）吸附反应阶段 ....................................................................................................... 30

5.3 吸附动力学方程的拟合 .................................................................................................. 30

5.3.1 伪一级动力学方程的拟合 ................................................................................. 30

5.3.2 伪二级动力学方程的拟合 ................................................................................. 31

5.3.3 Langmuir吸附等温方程的拟合 ........................................................................ 32

5.3.4 Freundlich吸附等温方程的拟合 ....................................................................... 33

5.3.5 动力学方程拟合综合分析 ................................................................................. 34

第六章 结论与建议 ............................................................................................................. 35

6.1 结论 .................................................................................................................................. 35

6.1.1 活性炭吸附去除氨氮的实验研究 ....................................................................... 35

6.1.2 多孔陶瓷颗粒吸附去除氨氮的实验研究 ........................................................... 35

6.1.3 硅藻土吸附去除氨氮的实验研究 ....................................................................... 36

6.2 建议 .................................................................................................................................. 36

参考文献 ................................................................................................................................. 37

致谢 ......................................................................................................................................... 39

V