英语翻译

中国历史及文化

Peking opera京剧 puppet show木偶戏Qin opera秦腔 shadow play皮影戏

Kungfu功夫 opera highlights折子戏Tai Chi太极 acrobatics杂技

ventriloquism口技 embroidery刺绣witty dialogue comedy相声clay figure泥人 calligraphy书法traditional Chinese painting中国画Chinese brush painting水墨画

Chinese knot中国结the four great inventions of ancient China

中国古代的四大发明gunpowder火药 printing印刷术

paper-making造纸术 the compass指南针bronze ware青铜器 porcelain;china瓷器 swing秋千 material arts武术Confucianism儒家思想

Confucian culture儒家文化Taoism道教

Mohism墨家Legalism法家

Buddhism佛教Confucius孔子 Mencius孟子

pictographic characters象形文字

the Four Treasures of Study (brush,ink,paper,and ink stone)文房四宝（笔墨纸砚）five-character quatrain五言绝句

seven-character octave七言律诗cheongasm旗袍

Chiense tunic suit中山装Tang suit唐装

Fengshui;geomantic omen风水

Solar calendar/Lunar calendar阳历/阴历leap year闰年

zodiac十二生肖the Spring Festival春节

the Tomb-sweeping Day清明节the Dragon-boat Festival端午节

the Mid-autumn Day中秋节the Double-ninth Day重阳节

the Double-seventh Day七夕节spring couplets春联temple fair庙会

firecracker爆竹traditional New Year pictures年画

New Year gift-money压岁钱dragon dance舞龙

sweet sticky rice dumplings元宵festival lantern花灯

lantern riddle灯谜lion dance舞狮

stilt walking踩高跷dragon boat rance赛龙舟

hutong胡同moon cake月饼rice cake年糕

deep-fried dough sticks油条soybean milk豆浆steamed buns馒头

steamed twisted rolls花卷steamed stuffed buns包子Beijing roast duck北京烤鸭hand-stretched noodles拉面wonton(dumplings in soup)馄饨tofu; bean curd豆腐

fried dough twist麻花lay oven rolls烧饼hot pots火锅the Great Wall of China长城

beacon tower烽火台

the Mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang秦始皇陵Terracotta Warriors and Horses兵马俑the SilkRoad丝绸之路

Mogao Grottoes敦煌莫高窟the Imperial Palace故宫the Temple of Heaven天坛drum tower鼓楼quadrangle;courtyard complex四合院

Confucius Temple孔庙traditional Chinese medicine中药acupuncture针灸

medical massage推拿feeling the pulse切脉

the Paleolithic Age旧石器时代the Neolithic Age;New stone Age新石器时代feudal封建dynasty朝代Emperor Qinshihuang;the First Emperor of QinEmpress Dowager皇太后

the Spring and Autumn Period春秋时期emperor,monarch皇帝，君主

ethnic minority少数民族offer sacrifices祭祀

Chinese civilization中华文化cradle of civilization文明的摇篮

unification of the country by Emperor Qinshihuang秦始皇统一中国the Opium War鸦片战争 the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom太平天国

the Reform Movement of 1898戊戌变法the 1911 Revolution辛亥革命

New-democratic Revolution新民主主义革命

the long March长征Anti-Japanese War抗日战争

经济&社会发展face the crisis/meet the crisis/fight crisis应对危机job seeker找工作者 seek employment找工作economic recession经济不景气financial crisis金融危机

economic crisis经济危机public infrastructure公用基础设施建设housing problem住房问题 social security system社会保障系统the reform and opening-up改革开放

profound social and economic consequences深远的社会经济影响

attract foreign investment吸引外资enterprise企业company/corporation公司

market share/portion市场份额domestic/national/Chinese brand国产品牌

telecommunication industry电信企业real estate industry房地产业

automobile industry汽车产业private enterprise私营企业

advancements in science and technology科技进步economic globalization经济全球化 the market economy市场经济体制interpretation of classics解读经典

mainstream culture主流文化human civilization人类文明

culture traditions文化传统keeping pace with times与时俱进

promote culture development positively积极促进文化发展resist it's dark side去其糟粕 absorb it's essence取其精华preserve and cherish保存珍惜

cultural diversity文化多元化multi-cultures多元文化

western cultures西方文化cultural blending/integration文化融合

cultural exchanges文化交流

Large and Medium-sized State-owned Enterprises大中型国有企业

Joint Ventures中外合资企业The MId-low Reaches of Yangtze River长江中下游地区

Compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao香港澳门同胞One Country,Two Systems一国两制 历史类

秦始皇是秦朝的第一位皇帝。他从公元前230年到公元前221年花了十年的时间逐一消灭了六个不同的国家，并建立了中国历史第一个中央集权的封建国家(centralized feudal state)。所有重要的中央和地方政府官员都由他任命和免职。在他统治时期，他建立了一套法律，统一了度量衡，甚至还统一了书面文字。所有这些措施都促进了经济和文化发展。

Qinshihuang was the first Emperor of the Qin Dynasty. He spent ten years from 230 to 221 BC to wipe out all six different states one after another and established the first centralized feudal state in Chinese history. All the important officals of the central and local governments were to be appointed and dismissed by him. During his reign, he worked out a set of laws and fix the standard of weights and measures and even unified the Chinese characters in writing. All these measures promoted the economic and cultural development.

10-2文化类

中国新年是中国最重要的传统节日，在中国也被称作为春节。新年的庆祝活动从除夕开始一直延续到元宵节(the Lantern Festival)，即从农历(Lunar calendar)最后一个月的最后一天至新年第一个月的第十五天。各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有着极大的差异，但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。其他的活动还有放鞭炮，发红包和探亲访友等。Chinese New

Year is the most important traditional festival in China,which is also known as the Spring Festival. New Year celebrations run from Chinese New Year's Eve to the Lantern Festival, namely, the last day of last month to the 15th day of the first month of the new year in Chinese lunar calendar. Customs and traditions of celebrating the Spring Festival vary widely from place to place, but generally every family will reunite and have dinner together. Other activities include setting off firecrackers, giving people red envelopes with money in them, visiting relatives and friends and so on.

10-3文化类

昆曲(Kunqu opera)是中国现存最古老的剧中之一，它在艺术，文学，历史方面都有着无可替代的价值。它起源于元朝末年(the late Yuan dynasty)江苏昆山地区，至今已有六百多年的历史。昆曲的表演有他独特的体系和风格，最大的特点是抒情性强，动作细腻，唱歌以及舞蹈结合得巧妙而和谐。作为中华文化的代表，昆曲的影响广泛而深远，反映了中国戏剧的鲜明特征Kunqu opera is one of the oldest Chinese opera which has irreplaceable value in art,literature and history.It originated from Kunshan,Jiangsu Province at the Yuan Dynasty and it has a history of more than 600 years.The performance of Kunqu opera has its unique system and styles, among which the most important ones are its lyrical expression and the exquisite movement in it. Songs and dances are combined with each other skillfully and harmoniously.As the representative of Chinese culture, the influence of Kunqu opera, which reflects the distinct characteristics of Chinese operas,is board and profound.

10-4文化类北京大学成立于1898年，以文科和理科闻名，拥有两万多名学生。来自于80多个国家的大约两千名留学生正在北京大学学习。

这所大学在中国历史上发挥了非常重要的作用。近年来，北京大学在学术研究方面已经经历恢复和调整的过程。北京大学正在努力成为一所教育中心和科学研究中心，以便为中国转变为一个高速文明的强大现代化国家做出积极的贡献。

Peking University was founded in 1989. It is famous for its liberal arts and sciences, with an enrollment of over 20,000 students. About 2,000 foreign students from more than 80 countries are studying in Peaking University. The university has played an extremely important role in Chinese history. In recent years, it has undergone a process of restoration and readjustment in its academic work. Peaking University is striving to become a centre both of education and of scientific research so as to contribute positively to the transformation of China into a highly civilized powerful modern country.10-5文化类

故宫博物院，也称紫禁城，曾经是明朝和清朝的皇家宫殿。故宫的建设历经14年，于1420年完工。次年，明朝的都城从南京迁到了北京。明朝和清朝24位皇帝曾经在紫禁城进行统治。这座宫殿是仍然屹立的最大的中国古代建筑。故宫曾被扩建几次，但是原有布局(layout)仍然得以保留。1949年之后，故宫进行了一些修缮(renovations),同时被中国政府列位重要的历史遗迹之一而得到特殊的保护。The palace Museum, also known as th Forbidden City, was once the royal palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The counstruction of the palace took 14 years and was finished in 1420. In the following year, the capital of the Ming Dynastry was moved from Nanjing to Beijing. Twenty-four emperors of Ming and Qing Dynasties used to rule in the Forbidden City. The palace had been expended several times, but the original layout was preserved. After 1949, some renovations were done and the Place Mus eum is listed as one of the important historical mounments under sepcial preservation by the Chinese government.

10-6文化类龙对于中国人而言是一个熟悉的动物，但没有人曾经见过一条真实的龙。提到"龙"这个字，中国人民无疑会想到一个巨大的(gigantic)动物，拥有牛头，鹿角，虾眼，鹰爪，

蛇身，狮身，通身被鱼鳞覆盖。在中国传统中，12个动物：鼠，牛，虎，兔，龙，蛇，马，羊，猴，鸡，狗，猪，用于代表人们出生的一个12年的周期。龙是其中唯一虚构的动物。 The dragon is a familar animal to the Chinese people, but nobody has ever seen a real one. At the mention of the word "dragon",the Chinese people will definitely think of a gigantic animal with the head of an ox, the horns of a deer, the eyes of a shrimp, the claws of a hawx, the body of a snake, the tail of a lion and the whole body is covered by fish scales. In Chinese tradition, 12 animals-rat,ox,tiger,rabbit,dragon,snack,horse,goat,monkey,chicken,dog and pig-are used to represent a cycle of 12 years, during which people are born. Dragon is the only animal which is imaginary.10-7文化 长城象征着中国的古代文明，是世界上最著名的工程之一。长城的建造始于战国时期( the period of the Warring States)。最初，不同王国在战略地点建造城墙来保护其北方领域。公元前221年在秦代的第一个皇帝统一中国之后，这位皇帝决定将这些城墙链接起来并加以延伸。16世纪明朝初期，长城得意重建。长城是中国古代人民的伟大创造，1987年被联合国教育，科学，文化组织列入世界遗产之一。

The Great Wall, symbolizing China's ancient civilization, is one of the world's most renowned projects. The construction of the Wall first began during the period of the Warring States. At first, walls were built at strategic points by different kingdoms to protect their northern territories. In 211 BC after the first Emperor of the Qin Dynasty unified China, the Emperor decided to have the walls linked up and extended. The Great Wall was rebuilt during the Ming Dynasty in the 16th centry. It is the great creation of ancient Chinese people. In 1987, the Wall was listed by the United Nation's Education, Science and Culture Organization(UNESCO) as one of the World heritages.

10-8经济 今年，全国各地积极推进经济体制和经济增长方式的转变，实施科教兴国(rejuvenate ourcountry)和可持续发展战略，和可持续发展战略，国民经济继续保持良好的发展势头，年初确定的宏观调控目标可以实现。当前我国经济发展的一个显著特点(salient feature),是既保持了经济的快速增长，又成功地抑制了通货膨胀。今年各地都加大了国有企业的改革力度，各项试点工作全面展开，全年对外贸易仍将实现适当增长。

This year,vigorous effects have been made throughout the country to transform the economic system and the mode of economic growth, to implement the strategy of rejuvenating our country by relying on science and education and achieving sustainable development. The national economy has maintained a good development momentum, and the macro-regulation targets set at the beginning of the year are expected to be met. A sailent feature in China's economy development at present is that we have been able to achieve rapid economic growth and successfully kept inflation under contral at the same time. State-owned enterprises throughout the country have stepped up reform this year and all pilot work is in full swing. A modest growth of foreign trade is still anticipated for the whole year.

10-9社会发展

六十四年来，在中国共产党的领导下，各族人民团结奋斗，国家面貌发生了历史性的巨大变化。特别是中国共产党十一届三中全会以来，在邓小平建设的由中国特色社会主义理论的指引下，我们找到了适合本国发展国情的发展道路，我国的各项事业取得了举世瞩目的成就。现在，中国人民正满怀信心地在改革开放和现代化建设的道路上阔步前进。

Over the past sixty-four years, the Chinese people of all enthic groups led by the Chinese Communist Party have made concerted efferts and brought enormous historic changes to the country. Since teh Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Communist Party Committee,in particular,under the guidance of Deng Xiaoping's theory of building socialism with Chinese

characteristics,we have found a road to develop suited to our national conditions and scored remarkable achievements in various undertakings. Now,full of confidence,the chinese people are advancing in giant steps along the road of reform,opening-up and modernization construction. 10-10社会发展 北京shi 中华人民共和国的首都，也是全国政治和文化中心。大约在69万年前，北京人住在北京西南48公里的周口店地区。十世纪初期，北京成为辽代的第二个都城。从那时起，北京先后为金代，元代，明代和清代的首都，直至1911年。1949年10月1日，毛主席向世界宣布了中华人民共和国的成立。北京有超过2000多万人口，大约1000万人住在城里，其他人住在郊外。

Beijing,the capital of the People's Republic of China,is the nation's political and cultural center. Some 690,000 years ago, Peaking Man lived at Zhoukoudian,48 kilometers southwest of Beijing. At the beginning of the 10th century, it was the second capital of the Liao Dynasty. From then on, the city had been the capital of the Jin,Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties until 1911. On October 1st, 1949,Chariman Mao proclaimed to the whole world the founding of the People's Republic of China,Beijing has a population of over 20 million; about 10 million live in the city proper and the rest on the outskirts.