高级语法(独立主格结构,虚拟语气,否定,强调)

高级语法（独立主格结构，虚拟语气，否定，强调）

独立主格结构

一 、独立结构的构成：

只有当分词短语的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致时，我们才能用独立结构。独立结构只用做状语，多用于书面语言。常见的独立结构有以下几种：

(一) 名词/代词+分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）：

1 The boy ran quickly, his father following. (表示伴随情况)

2 He lay on his back, his hands acrossed under his head. (表示伴随情况)

（二）名词/代词+形容词：

1、They started home, their minds full of plans for increasing production. (表示伴随情况)

2、 He was silent for a moment, his lips tight. (表示伴随情况)

（三）名词/代词+副词：

1、 He put on his socks, wrong side out. (表示补充说明)

2 、The war over, all the Chinese people’s volunteers came back to China. (表示补充说明)

（四）名词/代词+介词（短语）

1 、She came in, a baby in her arms. (表示伴随情况)

2 、He went off, gun in hand. (表示伴随情况)

二 独立结构在句子中的作用。

独立结构在句子中只能做状语，这种结构可以用来：

（一）表示时间：

His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play.

(=After his homework was done, he decided to go and see the play.)

（二）表示原因：

The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.

(=Because the last bus having gone, we had to walk home. )

（三）表示条件：

Weather permitting, we’ll go for an outing tomorrow.

(=If weather permitting, we’ll go for an outing tomorrow.)

（四）表示伴随情况或伴随状况：

They walked through the forest, an old hunter leading the way.

（五）表示补充说明：

He lived in a wooden house with two rooms, one being a bedroom and the other being an office.

(=He lived in a wooden house with two rooms, one was a bedroom, the other was an office.)

三 独立变格的变化

在带有逻辑主语的分词及其短语前加”with”

1、 ——Why are they talking all the equipment away?

——The job ( ), they are packing up to leave.

A it to done B did C was did D done

2、Other things being equal, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more

rapidly than the man whose command of language is poor.

虚拟语气

1. if 引导的虚拟语气

2. 倒装形式

Were I you (=if I were you) , I would get up early in the morning.

Had you arrived at the station ten minutes earlier yesterday(=If you had arrived…), you could have caught the train.

Should it rain (=If it should rain), the crops would be saved.

【2】馒头面条原理

【3】固定句型

It is time that ...

Would rather that .....

(1).I would rather he came tomorrow than today.

(2).John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.

(4).I would rather everything hadn' t happened in the past.

“It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that……”结构中的虚拟语气

1. It is necessary that we (should 可省略,下同）have a walk now.

2.It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.

3. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.

4. It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand the rule of school.

练习

1. He’ll be busy this afternoon. If he ___ free, he ___ to the cinema with you.

A.were to be; might go B. am going to be; will go

C.will be; might have gone D. is; will go

2. When Edison died, it was proposed that the American people _____ all power in their homes, streets, and factories for several minutes in honor of this great man.

A. turn off B. turned off

C. would turn off D. had turned off

3. Had I known her name, _____.

A. or does she know mine? B. and where does she live?

C. I would have invited her to lunch D. she would be beautiful

4. I’d rather you ______ by train, because I can't bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad weather.

A. would go B. should go

C. went D. had gone

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5. The victim ________ (本来会有机会活下来) if he had been taken to hospital in time. would have a chance to survive （06.12翻译）

6. The professor required that ________ (我们交研究报告)。

we hand in our research report(s) (06.6翻译)

7. If Sept. 11 had never happened, the airport workers would not have been arrested and could have gone on quietly living in America, probably indefinitely. (06.6阅读)

8. W: What would you do if you were in my place?

M: If Paul were my son, I’d just not worry. Now that his teacher is giving him extra help and he is working hard himself, he’s sure to do well in the next exam.

Q: What’s the man’s suggestion to the woman?

13. A) Teaching her son by herself. C) Asking the teacher for extra help.

B) Having confidence in her son. D) Telling her son not to worry. （07.12）

1.You’d better take a sweater with you ________________ (以防天气变冷)

in case it (should) turn cold. （08.12）

就不会被大雨淋湿了). 09.6 . wouldn’t have been caught by the rain

11. You would not have failed if you __________________________(按照我的指令去做). had followed my instructions/orders (09.12)

否定：

全部否定和部分否定

eg. All the birds can not fly.

Not all the birds can fly. 不是所有的鸟都会飞。

1. 部分否定

eg. All the birds can not fly. 并非所有的鸟都会飞。

None of the birds can fly. 所有的鸟都不会飞。

代词或副词如all, both,every,everybody, every day, everyone, everything, everywhere等与not搭配使用时，表示部分否定，意思为“并非都是"等。

eg. All is not gold that glitters. 发光的并非都是金子。= Not all is gold that glitters.

2. 全部否定

英语中常用not, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neither, never等表示全部否定的概念。 eg. Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it. 世上无难

事，只怕有心人。

eg. W: Daddy, I 've decided to give up science and go to business school.

M: Well, it is your choice as long as pay your own way, but I should warn you that not everyone with a business degree will make a successful manager.

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Q: What do we learn from the conversation?

A. The man doesn't have money for his daughter's graduate studies.

B. The man doesn't think his daughter will get a business degree.

C. The man insists that his daughter should pursue her studies in science.

D. The man advises his daughter to think carefully before making her decision.

双重否定

1.在阅读当中出现的频率更高一些。在一个句子中出现两个否定词：not, never, hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, few, little, none等，双重否定表示肯定的概念。

eg. No one can command others who cannot command himself.

A perpson can command others who command himself. 正人先正己。

eg. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they can not fully participate in our democracy.

如果没有能力进行批判性思维，维护自己的观点，并理解他人的观点，他们就不能充分的参与我们的民主政治中来。

2.形式否定，意义肯定

eg. A man can never have too many ties. 一个男人可以拥有很多的领带。

A woman can never have too many dresses. 一个女人拥有再多的衣服也不为过。 eg. We can hardly praise his achievement too much. 对他的成就我们无论怎样赞扬也不过分。 eg. A mother can never be patient enough with her child. 一个母亲对她的孩子再怎

么耐心也不为过。

A teacher can never be strict enough with his students. 一个老师对他的学生

再怎么严格也不为过。

这种形式主要运用于阅读当中。

3. 形式肯定，意义否定

①more A than B 意思为“是A 不是B ；与其说是B ，不如说是A”

eg. The book seems to be more a dictionary than a grammar. 这本书看起来与其说是

一本语法书，不如说是一本词典。

He is more a composer than a singer. 与其说他是一个歌唱家不如说他是一个创

作者。

② anything but 意思为“一点都不是，根本不是，绝对不是”

eg. I am anything but a teacher. 我一定不是一个老师。

eg. I will do anything but that. 我决不干那件事。

③ no more .... than与 not more ....than

no more ...than意为“两者都不....”

eg. This book is no more interesting than thay one. 这本书和那本书一样特别没趣。 not more....than 意为“两者都肯定，前者不如后者”

eg. This book is not more interesting than that one. 这本书不如那本书有趣。

eg. This boy is not more honest than that one. 这两男孩都很诚实，前面的男孩不如后面的男孩诚实。

This boy is no more honest than that one. 这两个男孩都不诚实。

④ no more than与 not more than

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no more than 强调“少”，译作“只有、不过、仅仅”

eg. He said no more than we had expected. 他只是说了我们所预料的而已。

eg. Though they think it takes no more than three days to fulfill the mission, I

believe it takes not less than six days. 虽然他们认为完成这任务只需三天，但我却认为至少需要六天。

not more than 是客观叙述，意为“不超过”。

eg. He has not more than five dollars on him. 他身上带的钱不超过五美元。

eg. He is not more than 10 years old. 他最多不超过10岁。

实例练习

1．

M: Wow, that's a big assignment we've got for the psychology class.

W: Well , it's not as bad as it looks. It isn't due until Thursday morning.

Q: What does the women mean?。

A. The assignment looks easy but actually it's quite difficult.

B. The assighment is too difficult for them to complete on time.

C. They cannot finish the assighment until Thursday.

D.They have plenty of time to work on the assighment.

2．

M: I ran into our friend Mark yesterday on the street and he said he hadn't heard from you for two months.

W: Yes, I know. But I've been too busy to phone him.

Q: What can be inferred from the conversation?

A. The man saw Mark on the street two months ago.

B. The woman had forgotten Mark's phone number.

C. The woman made a phone call to Mark yesterday.

D.Mark and the woman had not been in touch for some time.

阅读当中：

eg. Researchers documented claims of environmental friendliness made by about 2,000 products and found many too wague or too misleading to meet ISO standards.（0506阅读）

调查者将约2，000种产品上所标有的环保声明记录了下来，发现许多声明要么过于模糊，要么误导性太强，都不符合ISO 标准。

eg. "Humans should not try to avoid stress any more than they would shun food, love or exercise." said Dr.Hans Selye, the first physician to document the effects of stress on the body.（0512阅读） 人们不应该躲避压力就像他们不应该躲避食物、爱情或锻炼身体一样，

no more .... than...= not....any more than...

eg. But those captured were anything but terrorists, most of them illegal immigrants from Central or South America.（0606阅读）

这些被捕获的人绝对不是恐怖分子，他们之中大多数人只是中南美洲的非法移民。

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