How_to_write_a_literature___review(如何写一篇文学评论)Word

　　How to write a literature review?

　　What is a review of the literature?A literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic by scholars and researchers. Occasionally you will be asked to write one as a separate assignment but more often it is part of the introduction to an essay, research report, or thesis. In writing the literature review, your purpose is to convey to your reader what knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic, and what their strengths and weaknesses are. As a piece of writing, the literature review must be defined by a guiding concept (e.g., your research objective, the problem or issue you are discussing, or your argumentative thesis). It is not just a descriptive list of the material available, or a set of summaries.

　　You can gain and demonstrate skills in two areas

　　Besides enlarging your knowledge about the topic, writing a literature review lets : information seeking: the ability to scan the literature efficiently, using manual or computerized methods, to identify a set of useful articles and books critical appraisal: the ability to apply principles of analysis to identify unbiased and valid studies.

　　A literature review must do these things:

　　be organized around and related directly to the thesis or research question you are developing synthesize results into a summary of what is and is not known identify areas of controversy in the literature formulate questions that need further research

　　What is the specific thesis, problem, or research question that my literature review helps to define? What type of literature review am I conducting? Am I looking at issues of theory? methodology? policy? quantitative research (e.g. on the effectiveness of a new procedure)? qualitative research (e.g., studies )? What is the scope of my literature review? What types of publications am I using (e.g., journals, books, government documents, popular media)? What discipline am I working in (e.g., nursing psychology, sociology, medicine)? How good was my information seeking? Has my search been wide enough to ensure I've found all the relevant material? Has it been narrow enough to exclude irrelevant material? Is the number of sources I've used appropriate for the length of my paper? Have I critically analysed the literature I use? Do I follow through a set of concepts and questions, comparing items to each other in the ways they deal with them? Instead of just listing and summarizing items, do I assess them, discussing strengths and weaknesses? Have I cited and discussed studies contrary to my perspective? Will the reader find my literature review relevant, appropriate, and useful?

　　Ask yourself questions like these about each book or article you include:

　　Has the author formulated a problem/issue? Is it clearly defined? Is its significance (scope, severity, relevance) clearly establ

　　ished? Could the problem have been approached more effectively from another perspective? What is the author's research orientation (e.g., interpretive, critical science, combination)? What is the author's theoretical framework (e.g., psychological, developmental, feminist)? What is the relationship between the theoretical and research perspectives? Has the author evaluated the literature relevant to the problem/issue? Does the author include literature taking positions she or he does not agree with?

　　In a research study, how good are the basic components of the study design (e.g., population, intervention, outcome)? How accurate and valid are the measurements? Is the analysis of the data accurate and relevant to the research question? Are the conclusions validly based upon the data and analysis? In material written for a popular readership, does the author use appeals to emotion, one-sided examples, or rhetorically-charged language and tone? Is there an objective basis to the reasoning, or is the author merely proving what he or she already believes? How does the author structure the argument? Can you deconstruct the flow of the argument to see whether or where it breaks down logically (e.g., in establishing cause-effect relationships)? In what ways does this book or article contribute to our understanding of the problem under study, and in what ways is it useful for practice? What are the strengths and limitations? How does this book or article relate to the specific thesis or question I am developing?

　　Final Notes:

　　A literature review is a piece of discursive prose, not a list describing or summarizing one piece of literature after another. It's usually a bad sign to see every paragraph beginning with the name of a researcher. Instead, organize the literature review into sections that present themes or identify trends, including relevant theory. You are not trying to list all the material published, but to synthesize and evaluate it according to the guiding concept of your thesis or research question.

　　1 文献综述的分类

　　根据写作目的和内容的侧重点 动态性综述(developmental review) 成就性综述(result review) 争鸣性综述(contentious review) 按时间来划分 可分为回顾性综述(retrospective review) 前瞻性综述(prospective review)。 根据作者的参与情况， 可分为归纳性综述(inductive review) 评论性综述(critical review)

　　2 文献综述的写作

　　标题与作者(title and author) 摘要与关键词(abstract and key words) 引言(introduction) 述评(review) 结论(conclusion) 参考文献(references) 其中最为核心的部分是引言、述评和结论

　　2.1引言(Introduction)

　　两个内容：一是提出问题；二是介绍综述的范 围和内容。 提出问题时，作者要给出定义性解释、交代研 究背景、简单介绍不同文献的

　　看法和分歧所在 并介绍该文献的写作目的 介绍该综述的范围和主要内容时，作者应使用 简明扼要的语句加以概括。 引言部分通常为200~300词。

　　引言的内容和结构特点

　　(1)综述的引言通常包括定义性解释、研究背景、 现存问题或分歧、综述的目的、内容和范围； (2)使用一般现在时介绍背景知识，使用现在完成 时叙述他人成果，使用一般将来时或一般现在时简介 本文内容； (3)句子结构力求简洁明了，多用简单句，并列成 份较为常见； (4)以第三人称主语为主，间或使用第一人称复数 充当主语。

　　表定义或解释 ①……被定义为……:… is defined as…/…has been defined as… ②所谓……是指……: By…is meant…/ By…we mean… ③……指的是……:… refers to… ④……包括……:… includes… ⑤……有……种类型:... is/can be classified into…;There are…kinds of… ⑥我们知道,……是一种……的常见病: …is a common disease that…;…is known to be a common disease that…

　　表现状和分歧 据发现/报道/证实……: It has been found/reported/proved that… 普遍认为……: It is generally recognized/agreed/accepted that… 一般认为……: It is thought/regarded/considered that… ……依然是一个尚待解决的问题： …remains an unsolved problem. 关于……目前有两种解释: Two theories have been postulated to explain… 第一种理论认为……,而第二种理论则认为……: The first theory proposes that…,whereas the second theory proposes that… 一些文献报道……;而另一些人持不同观点: Some papers have reported that…;however, other groups have disputed these findings. 最初的一些研究支持这种看法: Several initial studies seemed to support his concept.

　　表内容和目的 ①本综述的目的是……: The purpose/aim/object of this review is to… ②本文综述了有关文献： The pertinent literature is reviewed. ③本文综述了……: This article reviews…/We review… ④本文将重点讨论……: This review will concentrate on… ⑤下面本文就……作一简单综述： In the following, a brief review is given of/about… ⑥本篇综述的目的是着重阐述……: In this review, we aim to high light… ⑦我们将回顾有关……的研究： We will review published studies on… ⑧我们将重点回顾……: We will focus on… ⑨本文主要阐述……: This review focuses on… ⑩本文就……作一综述: The following paper reviews… ⑾本文并非旨在说服读者……: No attempt will be made to convince the reader that…

　　2.2述

　　评(Review)

　　述评是文献综述的核心所在，是对引言的展开和深入。 根据引言所提出的问题和限定的范围，作者要对大量有关文献进 行系统的整理、归纳、对比和分析，在此基础上列出与主题有关 的所有重要学术观点，然后分别加以论述，以便读者获得全面的 了解。 动态性综述在论述观点时，通常由一般到具体、由过去到最近、 由他人观点到自己看法。 引述文献时，只介绍主要研究成果和结论性意见，对于研究的材 料、方法和过程则不必详述，但成就性综述在介绍创新点时则应 多加论述。 对于争鸣性综述中尚无定论和存在分歧的观点，只需归纳提及， 由读者自己进行思考和判断。述评部分通常较长，为了条理清晰， 作者一般将其分成几个部分并给出每个部分的小标题。

　　述评的内容和结构特点

　　述评部分常由几个部分组成，每个部分又有各 自的标题及下级标题。 回顾前人研究，以时间为序，由远及近。 以有叙有议的方式体现述评的功能，叙前人研 究，议其结果、探其原因、究其不足。 叙述时使用一般过去时，评论时使用一般现在 时或现在完成时。分析评论，特别是表达作者 自己的观点时，要客观、谨慎，因此多使用模 糊性语言和表推测的语言形式。

　　(1)表述观点 ①研究表明……: Studies show that… ②据(已经)发现……: It is (has been) found that…/sb. found that… ③据报道……: It is(has been )reported that… ④有人指出……: It has been pointed out that… ⑤业已证明……: It has been proved/ showed that… ⑥一般认为……: It is generally recognized/ agreed/ accepted that… ⑦有人认为……: It is thought/regarded/considered that… ⑧已观察到……: It has been observed that… ⑨必须指出……: It must be pointed out that… ⑩还得指出……: It should be added that…

　　⑾必须承认……: It must be admitted that… ⑿不用说……: It need not be said that… ⒀必须强调……: It must be emphasized/stressed that… ⒁应当讲明……: It should be made clear that… ⒂一项有趣的发现是……: An interesting finding is that… ⒃最重要的事实是……: Nothing is more important than the fact that ⒄更重要的事实是……: A more important fact is that… ⒅我认为……: I am of the opinion that… ⒆有人声称……: It is asserted hat… ⒇多数人一致认为……: Most researchers agree that…

　　(2)探讨可能性 ①可以有把握地说……: It may be safely said th

　　at… ②由此可见……: It can be seen from this that… ③……有(不)可能： It is (not) possible/probable/likely that… ④……是合乎情理的: It stands to reason that… ⑤毫无疑问: There is no doubt that… ⑥显然: It is obvious/clear/apparent/evident that… ⑦目前尚无证据说明……: There is no proof of…