Katharina ReissWord

　　卡特琳娜赖斯与她的翻译理论。

　　Katharina Reiss

　　卡特琳娜赖斯与她的翻译理论。

　　1. Katharina Reiss Katharina Reiss(born in April 17, 1923) is a German linguist and translation scholar. Her works have been important in the field of translation criticism. Her major work: Translation Criticism: The Potentials Criticism (翻译批评：潜力与制约) She is a defender of the skopos theory and founder of functional theories of translation.

　　卡特琳娜赖斯与她的翻译理论。

　　Skopos theory Definition: Produce a text at a target setting for a target purpose and target addressee in target circumstances Hans J. Vermeer将目的原则阐述为两条规则： (1)翻译“目的”成为翻译的功能，原文与译文 的互动由翻译的目的来决定。 (2)翻译的目的根据接受者不同，而会有所不同 。译者应该用最适当的翻译策略来达到目的语文 本意欲达到的目的。简言之，生成目的语文本时 ，目的决定方法。在弗米尔理论的关照下，翻译 目的优先于其他一切条件。

　　卡特琳娜赖斯与她的翻译理论。

　　E.g.: The voice of wayside pansies, that do not attract the careless glance, murmurs in these desultory lines. 译文：幽径边，紫罗兰的情愫难以招徕那 无心的一瞥，只得吟诵着凌乱的诗句，喃 喃责怨。

　　卡特琳娜赖斯与她的翻译理论。

　　Functional characteristics of text types and links to translation method

　　Text typeLanguage Function

　　InformativeInformative Logical

　　ExpressiveExpressive Aesthetic

　　OperativeAppellative Dialogic Appellativefocused Elicit desired response “Adaptive” equivalent effect

　　Language DimensionText Focus

　　Content-focused Transmit referential content “Plain prose”, explicitation as required

　　Form-focused

　　TT should

　　Transmit aesthetic form “Identifying” method, adopt perspective of ST author

　　Translation Method

　　卡特琳娜赖斯与她的翻译理论。

　　1.1 Content-focused text “…the principal kinds of text in the contentfocused type would include press releases and comments, news reports, commercial correspondence, inventories of merchandise, operating instructions, directions for use, patent specifications, treaties, official documents, educational works, non-fiction books of all sorts, essays, treatises, reports, theses, and specialized literature in the humanities, the natural sciences, and other technical fields.”

　　卡特琳娜赖斯与她的翻译理论。

　　卡特琳娜赖斯与她的翻译理论。

　　Translation method: The TT of an informative (content-focused) text should transmit the full referential or conceptual content of the ST. The translation should be in “plain prose”, without redundancy and with the use of explicitation when required.

　　卡特琳娜赖斯与她的翻译理论。

　　1.2 Form-focused text “Generally speaking, all texts based on formal literary principles, and therefore all texts which express more than they state, where figures of speech and style serve to achieve an esthetic purpose---in a word: texis which may be called artistic literary works…we may say that form-focused texts include literary prose (essays, biographies, belles-lettres), imaginative prose (anecdotes, short stories, novellas, rommances), and poetry in all its forms (fo

　　rm the didactic to balladry to the purely sentimental).”

　　卡特琳娜赖斯与她的翻译理论。

　　卡特琳娜赖斯与她的翻译理论。

　　Translation method: The TT of an expressive (form-focused) text should transmit the aesthetic and artistic form of the ST. The translation should use the “identifying” method, with the translator adopting the standpoint of the ST author.

　　卡特琳娜赖斯与她的翻译理论。

　　Identifying method (认同法，赖斯称“作 者视角”,author-adapted)即译者应采用 原文作者的视角，注重表情功能的发出者 (sender-oriented) 如果在翻译时，两种语言文化发生冲突， 则以原语文化的价值系统为主导。例如， After dinner mustard,可以翻译成“饭后 上芥末---雨后送伞”。“芥末”的形象做 好保留，同时又传递功能意义。

　　卡特琳娜赖斯与她的翻译理论。

　　1.3 Appeal-focused text “they would include all texts in which the element of appeal is dominant, with advertising , publicity, preaching, propaganda, polemic, demagogy or satire providing either the purpose or linguistic means of expression.

　　卡特琳娜赖斯与她的翻译理论。

　　卡特琳娜赖斯与她的翻译理论。

　　Translation method The TT of an operative (appeal-focused) should produce the desired response in the TT receiver. The translation should employ the “adaptive” method(归化法), creating an equivalent effect among TT readers.

　　卡特琳娜赖斯与她的翻译理论。

　　1.4 Audio-medial text 听觉---媒介文本指的是非语言之外的视听、 图画、电视、电台、广播、音乐等的脚本。 后来用“多媒体文本”(multi-media text) 替代前者，但在她的后期理论中放弃了该 概念。

　　卡特琳娜赖斯与她的翻译理论。

　　Thank you!