How_to_write_a_literature___review(如何写一篇文学评论)Word
上传者:静辉|上传时间:2017-06-02|密次下载
How_to_write_a_literature___review(如何写一篇文学评论)Word
How to write a literature review?
What is a review of the literature?A literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic by scholars and researchers. Occasionally you will be asked to write one as a separate assignment but more often it is part of the introduction to an essay, research report, or thesis. In writing the literature review, your purpose is to convey to your reader what knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic, and what their strengths and weaknesses are. As a piece of writing, the literature review must be defined by a guiding concept (e.g., your research objective, the problem or issue you are discussing, or your argumentative thesis). It is not just a descriptive list of the material available, or a set of summaries.
You can gain and demonstrate skills in two areas
Besides enlarging your knowledge about the topic, writing a literature review lets : information seeking: the ability to scan the literature efficiently, using manual or computerized methods, to identify a set of useful articles and books critical appraisal: the ability to apply principles of analysis to identify unbiased and valid studies.
A literature review must do these things:
be organized around and related directly to the thesis or research question you are developing synthesize results into a summary of what is and is not known identify areas of controversy in the literature formulate questions that need further research
What is the specific thesis, problem, or research question that my literature review helps to define? What type of literature review am I conducting? Am I looking at issues of theory? methodology? policy? quantitative research (e.g. on the effectiveness of a new procedure)? qualitative research (e.g., studies )? What is the scope of my literature review? What types of publications am I using (e.g., journals, books, government documents, popular media)? What discipline am I working in (e.g., nursing psychology, sociology, medicine)? How good was my information seeking? Has my search been wide enough to ensure I've found all the relevant material? Has it been narrow enough to exclude irrelevant material? Is the number of sources I've used appropriate for the length of my paper? Have I critically analysed the literature I use? Do I follow through a set of concepts and questions, comparing items to each other in the ways they deal with them? Instead of just listing and summarizing items, do I assess them, discussing strengths and weaknesses? Have I cited and discussed studies contrary to my perspective? Will the reader find my literature review relevant, appropriate, and useful?
Ask yourself questions like these about each book or article you include:
Has the author formulated a problem/issue? Is it clearly defined? Is its significance (scope, severity, relevance) clearly establ
ished? Could the problem have been approached more effectively from another perspective? What is the author's research orientation (e.g., interpretive, critical science, combination)? What is the author's theoretical framework (e.g., psychological, developmental, feminist)? What is the relationship between the theoretical and research perspectives? Has the author evaluated the literature relevant to the problem/issue? Does the author include literature taking positions she or he does not agree with?
In a research study, how good are the basic components of the study design (e.g., population, intervention, outcome)? How accurate and valid are the measurements? Is the analysis of the data accurate and relevant to the research question? Are the conclusions validly based upon the data and analysis? In material written for a popular readership, does the author use appeals to emotion, one-sided examples, or rhetorically-charged language and tone? Is there an objective basis to the reasoning, or is the author merely proving what he or she already believes? How does the author structure the argument? Can you deconstruct the flow of the argument to see whether or where it breaks down logically (e.g., in establishing cause-effect relationships)? In what ways does this book or article contribute to our understanding of the problem under study, and in what ways is it useful for practice? What are the strengths and limitations? How does this book or article relate to the specific thesis or question I am developing?
Final Notes:
A literature review is a piece of discursive prose, not a list describing or summarizing one piece of literature after another. It's usually a bad sign to see every paragraph beginning with the name of a researcher. Instead, organize the literature review into sections that present themes or identify trends, including relevant theory. You are not trying to list all the material published, but to synthesize and evaluate it according to the guiding concept of your thesis or research question.
1 文献综述的分类
根据写作目的和内容的侧重点 动态性综述(developmental review) 成就性综述(result review) 争鸣性综述(contentious review) 按时间来划分 可分为回顾性综述(retrospective review) 前瞻性综述(prospective review)。 根据作者的参与情况, 可分为归纳性综述(inductive review) 评论性综述(critical review)
2 文献综述的写作
标题与作者(title and author) 摘要与关键词(abstract and key words) 引言(introduction) 述评(review) 结论(conclusion) 参考文献(references) 其中最为核心的部分是引言、述评和结论
2.1引言(Introduction)
两个内容:一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范 围和内容。 提出问题时,作者要给出定义性解释、交代研 究背景、简单介绍不同文献的
看法和分歧所在 并介绍该文献的写作目的 介绍该综述的范围和主要内容时,作者应使用 简明扼要的语句加以概括。 引言部分通常为200~300词。
引言的内容和结构特点
(1)综述的引言通常包括定义性解释、研究背景、 现存问题或分歧、综述的目的、内容和范围; (2)使用一般现在时介绍背景知识,使用现在完成 时叙述他人成果,使用一般将来时或一般现在时简介 本文内容; (3)句子结构力求简洁明了,多用简单句,并列成 份较为常见; (4)以第三人称主语为主,间或使用第一人称复数 充当主语。
表定义或解释 ①……被定义为……:… is defined as…/…has been defined as… ②所谓……是指……: By…is meant…/ By…we mean… ③……指的是……:… refers to… ④……包括……:… includes… ⑤……有……种类型:... is/can be classified into…;There are…kinds of… ⑥我们知道,……是一种……的常见病: …is a common disease that…;…is known to be a common disease that…
表现状和分歧 据发现/报道/证实……: It has been found/reported/proved that… 普遍认为……: It is generally recognized/agreed/accepted that… 一般认为……: It is thought/regarded/considered that… ……依然是一个尚待解决的问题: …remains an unsolved problem. 关于……目前有两种解释: Two theories have been postulated to explain… 第一种理论认为……,而第二种理论则认为……: The first theory proposes that…,whereas the second theory proposes that… 一些文献报道……;而另一些人持不同观点: Some papers have reported that…;however, other groups have disputed these findings. 最初的一些研究支持这种看法: Several initial studies seemed to support his concept.
表内容和目的 ①本综述的目的是……: The purpose/aim/object of this review is to… ②本文综述了有关文献: The pertinent literature is reviewed. ③本文综述了……: This article reviews…/We review… ④本文将重点讨论……: This review will concentrate on… ⑤下面本文就……作一简单综述: In the following, a brief review is given of/about… ⑥本篇综述的目的是着重阐述……: In this review, we aim to high light… ⑦我们将回顾有关……的研究: We will review published studies on… ⑧我们将重点回顾……: We will focus on… ⑨本文主要阐述……: This review focuses on… ⑩本文就……作一综述: The following paper reviews… ⑾本文并非旨在说服读者……: No attempt will be made to convince the reader that…
2.2述
评(Review)
述评是文献综述的核心所在,是对引言的展开和深入。 根据引言所提出的问题和限定的范围,作者要对大量有关文献进 行系统的整理、归纳、对比和分析,在此基础上列出与主题有关 的所有重要学术观点,然后分别加以论述,以便读者获得全面的 了解。 动态性综述在论述观点时,通常由一般到具体、由过去到最近、 由他人观点到自己看法。 引述文献时,只介绍主要研究成果和结论性意见,对于研究的材 料、方法和过程则不必详述,但成就性综述在介绍创新点时则应 多加论述。 对于争鸣性综述中尚无定论和存在分歧的观点,只需归纳提及, 由读者自己进行思考和判断。述评部分通常较长,为了条理清晰, 作者一般将其分成几个部分并给出每个部分的小标题。
述评的内容和结构特点
述评部分常由几个部分组成,每个部分又有各 自的标题及下级标题。 回顾前人研究,以时间为序,由远及近。 以有叙有议的方式体现述评的功能,叙前人研 究,议其结果、探其原因、究其不足。 叙述时使用一般过去时,评论时使用一般现在 时或现在完成时。分析评论,特别是表达作者 自己的观点时,要客观、谨慎,因此多使用模 糊性语言和表推测的语言形式。
(1)表述观点 ①研究表明……: Studies show that… ②据(已经)发现……: It is (has been) found that…/sb. found that… ③据报道……: It is(has been )reported that… ④有人指出……: It has been pointed out that… ⑤业已证明……: It has been proved/ showed that… ⑥一般认为……: It is generally recognized/ agreed/ accepted that… ⑦有人认为……: It is thought/regarded/considered that… ⑧已观察到……: It has been observed that… ⑨必须指出……: It must be pointed out that… ⑩还得指出……: It should be added that…
⑾必须承认……: It must be admitted that… ⑿不用说……: It need not be said that… ⒀必须强调……: It must be emphasized/stressed that… ⒁应当讲明……: It should be made clear that… ⒂一项有趣的发现是……: An interesting finding is that… ⒃最重要的事实是……: Nothing is more important than the fact that ⒄更重要的事实是……: A more important fact is that… ⒅我认为……: I am of the opinion that… ⒆有人声称……: It is asserted hat… ⒇多数人一致认为……: Most researchers agree that…
(2)探讨可能性 ①可以有把握地说……: It may be safely said th
at… ②由此可见……: It can be seen from this that… ③……有(不)可能: It is (not) possible/probable/likely that… ④……是合乎情理的: It stands to reason that… ⑤毫无疑问: There is no doubt that… ⑥显然: It is obvious/clear/apparent/evident that… ⑦目前尚无证据说明……: There is no proof of…
下载文档
热门试卷
- 2016年四川省内江市中考化学试卷
- 广西钦州市高新区2017届高三11月月考政治试卷
- 浙江省湖州市2016-2017学年高一上学期期中考试政治试卷
- 浙江省湖州市2016-2017学年高二上学期期中考试政治试卷
- 辽宁省铁岭市协作体2017届高三上学期第三次联考政治试卷
- 广西钦州市钦州港区2016-2017学年高二11月月考政治试卷
- 广西钦州市钦州港区2017届高三11月月考政治试卷
- 广西钦州市钦州港区2016-2017学年高一11月月考政治试卷
- 广西钦州市高新区2016-2017学年高二11月月考政治试卷
- 广西钦州市高新区2016-2017学年高一11月月考政治试卷
- 山东省滨州市三校2017届第一学期阶段测试初三英语试题
- 四川省成都七中2017届高三一诊模拟考试文科综合试卷
- 2017届普通高等学校招生全国统一考试模拟试题(附答案)
- 重庆市永川中学高2017级上期12月月考语文试题
- 江西宜春三中2017届高三第一学期第二次月考文科综合试题
- 内蒙古赤峰二中2017届高三上学期第三次月考英语试题
- 2017年六年级(上)数学期末考试卷
- 2017人教版小学英语三年级上期末笔试题
- 江苏省常州西藏民族中学2016-2017学年九年级思想品德第一学期第二次阶段测试试卷
- 重庆市九龙坡区七校2016-2017学年上期八年级素质测查(二)语文学科试题卷
- 江苏省无锡市钱桥中学2016年12月八年级语文阶段性测试卷
- 江苏省无锡市钱桥中学2016-2017学年七年级英语12月阶段检测试卷
- 山东省邹城市第八中学2016-2017学年八年级12月物理第4章试题(无答案)
- 【人教版】河北省2015-2016学年度九年级上期末语文试题卷(附答案)
- 四川省简阳市阳安中学2016年12月高二月考英语试卷
- 四川省成都龙泉中学高三上学期2016年12月月考试题文科综合能力测试
- 安徽省滁州中学2016—2017学年度第一学期12月月考高三英语试卷
- 山东省武城县第二中学2016.12高一年级上学期第二次月考历史试题(必修一第四、五单元)
- 福建省四地六校联考2016-2017学年上学期第三次月考高三化学试卷
- 甘肃省武威第二十三中学2016—2017学年度八年级第一学期12月月考生物试卷
网友关注
- 常见的不宜下酒的菜
- 合欢锈病风险分析
- 2015.4.8感冒药有风险入口需谨慎
- 高生物素谷氨酸发酵中溶氧水平与生物素用量的研究
- 高热惊厥患儿血清电解质、血糖的观察及意义
- 高热流密度下R113核态沸腾中汽化核心密度的识别
- 不宜与猪肉同食的四种食品
- 农建分院 食品132 夏 132032227
- 四川泡菜“泡”出世界美味
- 12岁女孩养全家 百知信息
- 瑞基达中药热疗防癌抗癌康复基地
- 第七课 手足口病的形成及预防doc (1)
- 沈阳治疗抑郁症哪个医院最专业
- 禁忌和辨别之核桃
- 高热治验两则
- 吃鸡蛋的一些小窍门
- 2015.4.9感冒药有风险入口需谨慎
- 8种家常鱼不能随便吃
- 如何种植牛蒡
- 现代农艺专业A
- 早春
- 怎样种植牛蒡
- 沈阳中医抑郁症
- 高王浆酸蜂种与龙游意蜂产浆量、王浆酸含量、产蜜量比较试验
- 气候变化与粮食安全
- 《大旗英雄传》影评:又是一场复仇
- 肿瘤干细胞论文
- 埃博拉出血热考试题和答案
- 盲人按摩
- 刘家兰主任说预防糖尿病肾病有妙招
网友关注视频
- 二年级下册数学第三课 搭一搭⚖⚖
- 三年级英语单词记忆下册(沪教版)第一二单元复习
- 【部编】人教版语文七年级下册《泊秦淮》优质课教学视频+PPT课件+教案,辽宁省
- 沪教版牛津小学英语(深圳用) 六年级下册 Unit 7
- 《小学数学二年级下册》第二单元测试题讲解
- 《空中课堂》二年级下册 数学第一单元第1课时
- 【部编】人教版语文七年级下册《逢入京使》优质课教学视频+PPT课件+教案,安徽省
- 冀教版英语五年级下册第二课课程解读
- 苏教版二年级下册数学《认识东、南、西、北》
- 第五单元 民族艺术的瑰宝_16. 形形色色的民族乐器_第一课时(岭南版六年级上册)_T3751175
- 外研版英语七年级下册module1unit3名词性物主代词讲解
- 六年级英语下册上海牛津版教材讲解 U1单词
- 第19课 我喜欢的鸟_第一课时(二等奖)(人美杨永善版二年级下册)_T644386
- 沪教版牛津小学英语(深圳用)五年级下册 Unit 1
- 冀教版英语四年级下册第二课
- 北师大版数学四年级下册第三单元第四节街心广场
- 3.2 数学二年级下册第二单元 表内除法(一)整理和复习 李菲菲
- 冀教版小学数学二年级下册第二单元《有余数除法的简单应用》
- 8.对剪花样_第一课时(二等奖)(冀美版二年级上册)_T515402
- 苏科版八年级数学下册7.2《统计图的选用》
- 沪教版八年级下册数学练习册21.4(1)无理方程P18
- 【部编】人教版语文七年级下册《泊秦淮》优质课教学视频+PPT课件+教案,湖北省
- 化学九年级下册全册同步 人教版 第22集 酸和碱的中和反应(一)
- 精品·同步课程 历史 八年级 上册 第15集 近代科学技术与思想文化
- 冀教版英语三年级下册第二课
- 冀教版小学数学二年级下册第二单元《租船问题》
- 【部编】人教版语文七年级下册《老山界》优质课教学视频+PPT课件+教案,安徽省
- 七年级英语下册 上海牛津版 Unit9
- 沪教版牛津小学英语(深圳用) 五年级下册 Unit 10
- 沪教版牛津小学英语(深圳用) 四年级下册 Unit 2
精品推荐
- 2016-2017学年高一语文人教版必修一+模块学业水平检测试题(含答案)
- 广西钦州市高新区2017届高三11月月考政治试卷
- 浙江省湖州市2016-2017学年高一上学期期中考试政治试卷
- 浙江省湖州市2016-2017学年高二上学期期中考试政治试卷
- 辽宁省铁岭市协作体2017届高三上学期第三次联考政治试卷
- 广西钦州市钦州港区2016-2017学年高二11月月考政治试卷
- 广西钦州市钦州港区2017届高三11月月考政治试卷
- 广西钦州市钦州港区2016-2017学年高一11月月考政治试卷
- 广西钦州市高新区2016-2017学年高二11月月考政治试卷
- 广西钦州市高新区2016-2017学年高一11月月考政治试卷
分类导航
- 互联网
- 电脑基础知识
- 计算机软件及应用
- 计算机硬件及网络
- 计算机应用/办公自动化
- .NET
- 数据结构与算法
- Java
- SEO
- C/C++资料
- linux/Unix相关
- 手机开发
- UML理论/建模
- 并行计算/云计算
- 嵌入式开发
- windows相关
- 软件工程
- 管理信息系统
- 开发文档
- 图形图像
- 网络与通信
- 网络信息安全
- 电子支付
- Labview
- matlab
- 网络资源
- Python
- Delphi/Perl
- 评测
- Flash/Flex
- CSS/Script
- 计算机原理
- PHP资料
- 数据挖掘与模式识别
- Web服务
- 数据库
- Visual Basic
- 电子商务
- 服务器
- 搜索引擎优化
- 存储
- 架构
- 行业软件
- 人工智能
- 计算机辅助设计
- 多媒体
- 软件测试
- 计算机硬件与维护
- 网站策划/UE
- 网页设计/UI
- 网吧管理