Intelligent-parking-system智能停车场系统大学毕业论文英文文献翻译及原文

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　　翻译日期： 2017.02.14

　　Intelligent parking system

　　Abstract

　　The basic concepts of the parking reservation system and parking revenue management system are discussed in this paper. The proposed intelligent’’ parking space inventory control system that is based on a combination of fuzzy logic and integer programming techniques makes ‘‘on line’’ decisions whether to accept or reject a new driver's request for parking. In the ?rst step of the proposed model, the best parking strategies are developed for many different patterns of vehicle arrivals. These parking strategies are developed using integer programming approach. In the second step, learn-ing from the best strategies, speci?c rules are de?ned. The uniqueness of the proposed approach is that the rules are derived from the set of chosen examples assuming that the future traffic arrival patterns are known. The results were found to be close to the best solution assuming that the future arrival pattern is known.

　　Keywords: Traffic; Uncertainty modeling; Control; Parking; Fuzzy logic

　　1.Introduction

　　Every day a signi?cant percentage of drivers in single-occupancy vehicles search for a parking space. Additionally, less experienced drivers or out-of-towners further contribute to the increase of traffic congestion. Search for a vacant parking space is a typical example of a search process. Every parking search strategy is composed of a set of vague rules. It is usually difficult to describe these rules explicitly. The type of the planned activity, time of a day, day of the week, current congestion on particular routes, knowledge of city streets, and potentially available parking places have signi?cant in?uence on a chosen parking search strategy. During the last four decades numerous parking search models have been developed (Vander Goot, 1982; Axhausen and Polak, 1991; Polak and Axhausen, 1990; Young et al., 1991a,b; saltzman, 1997;

　　Shoup, 1997; Steiner, 1998; Thompson and Richardson, 1998; Arnott and Rowse, 1999; Tam and Lam, 2000; Wong et al., 2000; Waterson et al., 2001). In many decision-making situations in transportation (modal split, choice of air carrier, choice of airport, etc.) the competitive alternatives and their characteristics are reasonably well known in advance to the decision maker (passenger, driver). On the other hand, the drivers usually discover diffierent parking alternatives one by one in a temporal sequence. Clearly, this temporal sequence has a very strong in?uence on the driver's ?nal decision about the parking place

　　During the past two decades, traffic authorities in many cities (Helsinki, Cologne, Mainz, Stuttgart, Wiesbaden, Aalborg, Hague) have started to inform and guide drivers to parking facilities with real-time var-iable message signs [directional arrows, names of the parking facilities, status (full, not full, number of available parking spaces, etc.)]. Information about the number of available parking spaces could be displayed on the major roads, streets and intersections, or it could be distributed through the Internet.

　　It is logical to ask the question about the bene?ts of the parking guidance systems. Current practice shows that parking guidance systems usually do not change the occupancy rate or average parking duration. Drivers easily become familiar with the parking guidance systems, and majority of them use, thrust and appreciate the help of the systems. Guidance systems signi?cantly increase the probability of finding vacant parking space, mitigate frustration of the drivers–visitors unfamiliar with the city center, decrease the queues in front of parking garages, decrease the total amount of vehicle-miles traveled (particularly in the city centers), decrease the average trip time, energy consumption, and air pollution. Parking guidance system is a part of comprehensive parking policy and traffic management system, whose other elements are street

　　parking control (including sanctions for the illegally parked vehicles), parking fare structure, and parking revenue management system.

　　Parking guidance systems help drivers to ?nd vacant parking spaces when they are already on the network, and approaching their ?nal destination. Throughout this research the concepts of the parking reservation system and parking revenue management system are proposed. Such systems would help drivers to ?nd a vacant parking space even before beginning their trip. The proposed ‘‘intelligent’’ parking space inventory control system that is based on the combination of simulation, optimization techniques, and fuzzy logic makes ‘‘real-time’’ decisions as to whether to reject or accept a new request for parking. The proposed methodology could be applied for parking lots and parking garages in cities and at the big international airports.

　　The paper is organized as follows:1. Parking-pricing problems are presented in Section 2. Analogies between parking problems and some other industries are presented in Section 3. The parking revenue management system is introduced in Section 4, and the Intelligent parking space inventory control system is introduced in Section 5. The algorithm to create intelligent parking spaces inventory control system is presented in Section 6. Results obtained with the ‘‘intelligent’’ parking system are given in Section 7, and Sec-tion 8 presents the concluding remarks and further research orientations.

　　2.parking pricing

　　In majority of cities throughout the world drivers pay for using different parking facilities. In some instances, traffic congestion can be significantly reduced as a result of parking price. The parking revenue is usually used to cover parking facility costs (access gates, ticket printers, parking meters, parking signs, attendants), or to improve some other traffic and transportation activities. Different parking pricing

　　In some cities (Madison, Wisconsin) there are already time dependent parking fees that force commuters to switch to diffierent alternatives of public transportation (http://www.wendangwang.com/bcp/Parking.html). Trying to promote public transit San Francisco traffic authorities increased parking tariffs at public and commercial garages. The Chicago authorities raised parking rates few times (www.fta.dot.gov/fta/library/planning/tdmstatus/ftaprkng.htm). As a consequence, the total number of cars parked significantly decreased, as well as parking duration time. The greatest decrease was in the number of all day parkers. Authorities in Seattle signi?cantly reduced parking tariffs for carpool at two Seattle parking facilities in downtown (ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/mtp17b.html). Active role in parking pricing strategies could also have employers paying for employees' parking. Employers who remove parking subsidies for the employees could significantly decrease the total number of solo drivers. The main role of any parking pricing strategy should be reducing the total number of vehicle trips during certain time periods, shifting commuters to alternative transportation modes, and to different parking locations. At the same time, when trying to implement any parking strategy, it is very important to provide enough parking space for shoppers, to provide

　　preferential parking for residents in considered city area, to provide preferential parking for different parking locations, to consider low income families, and to protect streets in the neighborhood from illegal parking.

　　The basic economic concepts of supply and demand should be more utilized when solving complex traffic congestion and parking problems (Vickrey, 1969, 1994; Verhoef et al., 1995). So-called value pricing is also known as congestion pricing, or variable tolling. The basic idea behind the concept of congestion pricing is to force drivers to travel and use transportation facilities more during off-peak hours and less during peak hours. The idea of congestion pricing is primarily connected with the road (drivers pay for using private, faster roads, drivers with lower vehicle occupancy pay for using High Occupancy Vehicle lanes, drivers pay more to enter city's downtown on weekdays) or airport operators (more expensive landing fees during peak hours). In the context of parking problems, this means: (a) that different parking tariffs should exist for different users; (b) that the parking fees should increase and/or decrease few times during a day.

　　3.Parking problems and revenue management systems: Analogies with some other industries

　　Airline industry, hotels, car rental, rail, cruise, healthcare, broadcast industry, energy industry, golf,equipment rental, restaurant, and other industries are utilizing revenue management concepts when selling their products (Cross, 1997). Revenue management could be described as a group of different scienti?c techniques of managing the company revenue when trying to deliver the right product to the right client at the right price at the right time. The roots of the revenue management are in the airline industry. The basic characteristics of the industries to which different revenue management concepts were