英语时态——现在完成时精讲和练习答案

　　英语时态——现在完成时精讲和练习

　　I. 定义：

　　表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，也可以表示过去已经开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态

　　II.

　　注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如:come，go，die，marry，buy等的完成时不能与for，since等表示一段时间的词连用。用来持续的动作或状态或表过去重复的动作，如live，study，be，wait等，常和since（自从）或for（经历）引导的词语连用。

　　如：I have lived here for more than thirty years.我已在此住了30多年。

　　III. 现在完成时的标志

　　1. 现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响, 现在完成时通常和，ever, never, twice（once…）, so far（到目前为止）, since，for，in the past/last few years（在过去几年） , already（肯定句）, yet（否定，疑问句）, just(刚刚), before（以前）, recently（近来）等词连用

　　说明：already与yet都有“已经”的意思，但already常用于肯定句，并用于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，并用于句末。例如：

　　I have already finished my homework.

　　I haven’t finished my homework yet. Have you finished your homework yet?

　　They have left. (他们已经离开了,也就是说现在他们人不在这里)

　　I have had my lunch. (我已经吃过午饭了,也就是说我现在不饿)

　　I can’t find my watch now. I think I have already lost it.

　　2.过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在, 甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手。

　　①for+时段 ②since+过去一个时间点（过去 从句）为标志

　　注意： 1)现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用, 如yesterday, last week, three years ago 等;

　　2)不能与when连用

　　IV. 现在完成时的用法

　　A．表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调对现在造成的影想或结果）。例如：

　　车子来了。（结果：车子已在门口）

　　有人把窗户打破了。（结果：窗户仍破着）

　　B. 表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括“现在”在内）的一段时间的状语连用,如for+时间段、since+过去的时间点、疑问词how long等。例如：

　　My uncle has worked at this factory for five years. 我叔叔在这个工厂工作已经五年了。 Mr. Black has lived in China since 2002. 自从2002年Mr. Black 一直住在中国。 How long have you been here? 你来这里多久了？

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　　如： (1)这本书我已经买了三个月了。

　　错误：I have bought the book for three months.

　　正确：I have had the book for three months.

　　(2)你哥哥参军多长时间了？

　　错误：How long has your brother joined the army?

　　正确：How long has your brother been in the army/been a soldier?

　　英语中的短暂性动词和延续性动词

　　英语动词根据词义可分为两种，一种是延续性的，一种是终止性的。动词按其动作发生的方式，动作发生过程的长短，分为延续性动词和终止性动词。

　　延续性动词表示的动词是一种延续的动作，这种动词可以延续下去或产生持久的影响。如：learn，work，stand，lie，know，walk，keep， have，wait，watch，sing，read，sleep，live等。

　　终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词，表示的动作不能延续，即动作发生立即结束，产生某种结果。在有了某种结果之后，就不能再继续下去。如：leave，start，set out，arrive，reach，get to，begin， stop，shut，turn off，marry，put，put on，get up，wake，fall，join，receive， finish，end，complete，become，come，go，die，close，open，break，give， jump，buy，borrow等。所以它的现在完成时不能和表示延续的时间状语连用，即不能与表示一段时间的状语,for+时间段, since+时间点/从句连用,也不能用在how long引导的特殊疑问句中。终止性动词要表示持续时, 可用以下方法:

　　⑴.将时间状语改为时间段 + ago，句中谓语动词用一般过去时。

　　eg.我弟弟参军两年了. My brother joined the army two years ago.

　　⑵.若保留for+时间段,since+时间点/从句, 或用在 how long 句型中,则需将终止性动词改为相应的状态动词或延续性动词。

　　→My brother has been in the army for two years.

　　→My brother has been a soldier for two years

　　将短暂性动词改为相应的延续性动词或短语即可和一段时间连用，其常用的方法有如下几种：

　　a．直接替换，即用相应的延续性动词替换的主要有：buy→have，borrow→ keep，come ／go ／become→be，catch ／get a cold→have a cold，等。

　　b．be＋名词：join the Party ／League→be a Party ／League member， go to school→be a student，join the army→be a soldier等。

　　c．be＋形容词／副词：die→be dead，leave→be away（from），put on→be on，finish ／end→be over，begin ／start→be on，come→be here ／ in，fall asleep→be asleep，go out→be out等。

　　d．be＋介词短语：go to school→be in ／at school，join the army→ be in the army等。

　　e．去掉短语中的短暂性动词：get to know→know，come to work→work，begin to study→study等。

　　1．终止性动词的用法

　　1）终止性动词可用来表示某一动作的完成，因此可用于现在完成时。如：

　　The plane has arrived.飞机到了。

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　　I have finished my homework. 我已完成了作业。

　　2）终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续，所以其现在完成时（只限于肯定式）不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：

　　①他死了三年了。误：He has died for three years．

　　②他来这儿三个月了。误：he has come here for three months．

　　①②两句中的动词die和come都为终止性动词，它们可用于完成时，但不能同表示一段时间的状语for three years ／months连用。那这两句如何译成英语呢？我们可采用下列方法：

　　A．用能够表示持续状态的相应的延续性动词替换句中的终止性动词。如：

　　①He has been dead for three years．

　　②He has been here for three months．

　　B．把误句中表示一段时间的状语改为表示过去时间的状语，原动词的完成时改为过去时。如：

　　①He died three years ago．

　　②He came here three months ago．

　　C．用“It is ／has been ＋一段时间＋since（一般过去时）”结构。如：

　　①It is ／has been three years since he died．

　　②It is ／has been three months since he came here．

　　D．用“多长时间＋has passed ＋since（一般过去时）”结构。如：

　　①Three years has passed since he died．

　　②Three months has passed since he came here．

　　3）终止性动词现在完成时的否定式，已成为一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：

　　I haven't heard from him for two weeks．我已两个星期没收到他的信了。 He hasn't left here since 1990．自从1990年以来，他一直没有离开过这儿。

　　4）终止性动词的否定式同until一起连用，构成“not．．．until”结构，意为“直到……才……”，表示这个动作直到until所表达的时间到来时才发生。如：

　　We won't go to visit the Great Wall until the rain stops．直到雨停了我们才会去参观长城。

　　—When did you go to bed last night？昨晚你几点钟点上床睡觉的？

　　—I didn't go to bed until my father got home．直到我爸爸到家我才上床睡觉。

　　5）在while（表示“一段时间”）引导的从句中，不能用终止性动词，但when可以，因为when可表示“时间的点”，也可表示“一段时间”。如：

　　误：While I got to the village，it was dark．

　　正：When I got to the village，it was dark．

　　6）终止性动词肯定式的完成时不能和how long连用。如：

　　误：How long have you borrow the book？

　　可改用延续性动词或与when连用的一般过去时。

　　正：How long have you kept the book？

　　正：When did you borrow the book？

　　2．延续性动词的用法

　　1）延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时可以同一段时间状语连用。如：

　　I have waited for him for nearly two hours．我等他快两个小时了。

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　　2）终止性动词不能和表一段时间的状语连用。同样，延续性动词也不能和表示短暂时间的时间点连用。如：

　　误：It rained at eight yesterday morning．

　　rain为延续性动词，而at eight是表示时间点的状语，显然矛盾。如果要用延续性动词表示一瞬间的行为，可以借助come，get， begin等终止性动词来表达。上句可改为：

　　It began to rain at eight yesterday morning．

　　3）在until引导的时间状语从句中，若主句的谓语动词是持续性动词，既可以用肯定形式，也可以用否定形式，但句子含义不同。试比较：

　　She listened to the radio until her father came back．她一直听收音机到她父亲回来。

　　She didn't listen to the radio until her father came back．直到她父亲回来才听收音机。 延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换

　　http://www.wendangwang.come/go/arrive/get/reach/move------be in/at2. come/go out— be out

　　3. go/come —be here4. leave —be away / from

　　5. join the army----be in the army /be a soldier

　　join the Party----be in the Party /be a Party member

　　6. die —be dead7. catch a cold —have a cold8. begin / start =be on

　　9. end/finish-----be over 10. put on —wear11. buy —have12. borrow —keep13. become —be14. fall asleep —be asleep

　　15. fall ill/sick —be ill/sick

　　16. lose —be lost17. get to know— begin to know

　　18. go to sleep/get to sleep=sleep19. get up —be up20. close —be closed

　　21. move —be out of22. break —be broken23. marry —be married

　　24. go —be away25. wake —be awake26. get to know --- know

　　27.wear→put on 28. open —be open

　　用相应的延续性动词替换短暂性动词，句中谓语动词用现在完成时，时间状语为“for＋时间段”或“since＋时间点”。如：

　　He has been in the Green China for three years.

　　He has been a member of the Green China for three years.

　　他加入“绿色中国”已经三年了。

　　The old man died 4 years ago.---- The old man has been dead for 4 years.

　　He joined the Party 2 years ago.---- He has been in the Party for 2 years.

　　I bought the book 5 days ago.---- I have had the book for 5 days.

　　表示时间段的短语有:

　　for+一段时间(for 2 years), since+从句(since he came here), since+时间点名词( since last year, since 5 days ago),how long; for a long time等。

　　V. 现在完成时态与一般过去时态的区别

　　1一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。

　　I saw this film yesterday.（强调动作发生的时间是yesterday 。）

　　I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）

　　2一般过去时和表示过去的时间状语连用，如：…ago, last week/...， in 2008, in the past, just 4

　　now, the day before yesterday, yesterday ..., then(那时),that day, one day, once(从前)

　　现在完成时常和recently（近来），ever, never, twice,so far（到目前为止）, since，for，in the past/last few years , already（肯定句）, yet（否定，疑问句）, just(刚刚), before（以前）连用。现在完成时不与表示过去的时间状语连用。

　　现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.

　　VI. 比较since和for

　　since 后接时间点， for后接时间段，试比较：

　　I have lived here for more than twenty years.

　　I have lived here since I was born.

　　My aunt has worked in a company since 1949.

　　I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.

　　VII. 比较 have/has been to、have/has gone to 和 have been in

　　have(has) been to...表示“曾去过某地，已经从那里回来了”，可以和ever、never、twice等连用。have(has) gone to表示“已经去了某地，在去那里的途中或到达那里还没有回来”。have(has) been in 表示“在某地呆多长时间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如：since, for, how long 等

　　He went to Shanghai last week 上周他去了上海

　　He has been to Shanghai.

　　他(曾经)到/去过上海.(但他人现在肯定不是在上海而是回来了)

　　He has gone to Shanghai.

　　他已经去上海了.(也许刚动身出发,也许已经到了,也许还在路上,反正他人不在这里) Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days.

　　布朗先生来上海已经有三天了

　　现在完成时练习（1）

　　I. 延续性动词和瞬间性动词之间的转化

　　1.He died 10 years ago. ——He ______________ for 10 years / since 10 years ago.

　　2. He borrowed the book 2 weeks ago. ——He _____________the book for 2 weeks.

　　3. He bought the motorbike a month ago. ——He ___________the motorbike for a month.

　　4. He arrived here three days ago.—He ____________here since three days ago.

　　5. They turned off the light 2 hours ago. —— The light __________for 2 hours.

　　6. He left here 2 years ago.——— He ____________from here for 2 years.

　　7. The film began 30 minutes ago. ——The film __________ for 30 minutes.

　　8. They opened the door an hour ago. —— The door __________ for an hour.

　　9. They closed the door an hour ago. ——The door ___________for an hour.

　　10. He joined the army last year. ——He _____________ a _______ for a year.

　　= He _____________ the army for a year. = It ____ a year ____ he joined the army.

　　II. 单项选择。

　　( )1. The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year .

　　A. is writing B.was writing C.wrote D.has written

　　( )2. Have you met Mr. Li ____？

　　A. Just B. ago C.before D.a moment ago

　　( )3. —How long have you ____ here ? —About two months .

　　A. been B. gone C. come D. arrived

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　　( )4. —Our country ____ a lot so far .

　　—Yes. I hope it will be even ______ .

　　A. has changed ; well B. changed ; good C. has changed ; better D. changed; better

　　( )5. —______ you ___ your homework yet ?—Yes. I _____ it a moment ago.

　　A.Did; do; finished B.Have; done; finished C.Have; done; have finished D. will; do; finish

　　( )6. We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .

　　A. know B. had known C. have known D. knew

　　( )7. Harry Potter is a very nice film. I _____ twice.

　　A. will see B. have seen C. saw D.see

　　( )8. —These farmers have been to the United States .

　　—Really? When _____ there ?

　　A. will they go B.did they go C. do they go D. have they gone

　　( )9. Zhou Lang ______already ______in this school for two years .

　　A. was ; studying B. will ; study C. has ; studied D. are; studying

　　( )10. His father ______ the Party since 1998 .

　　A.joined B. has joined C. was in D. has been in

　　( )11. —Do you know him well ? — Sure .We ______ friends since ten years ago .

　　A. were B. have been C. have become D. have made

　　( )12. He has ___ been to Shanghai, has he ?

　　A. already B.never C.ever D. still

　　( )13. Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes .

　　A. has begun B. had begun C. has been on D. began

　　( )14. It ___ ten years since he left the army .

　　A. Is B. has C. will D. was

　　( )15. Miss Green isn't in the office. She_______ to the library.

　　A.has gone B. went C.will go D. has been

　　( )16. My parents ______ Shandong for ten years.

　　A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to D. have been

　　( )17. The students have cleaned the classroom, ____?

　　A. so they B. don’t they C. have they D. haven’t they

　　( ) 18. has Mr. White been a member of Greener China since heto China?

　　A. How soon, comes B. How often, got

　　C. How long, came D. How far, arrived

　　( )19. His unclefor more than 9 years.

　　A. has come here B. has started to work

　　C. has lived there D. has left the university

　　III. 句型转换。

　　1. He has never surfed, ____________ ?（改成附加疑问句） 提问) ___________ have they been here?

　　3. The old man _________ last year. He ____________for a year. (die) （动词填空）

　　4. This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换)

　　This factory ____________________ for twenty years.

　　5. Miss Green left an hour ago. (同义句转换)

　　Miss Green ____________________ an hour ago.

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　　6. Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同义句）

　　Her mother _______ the Party three years ________ .

　　IV. 汉译英。

　　1. 他昨天收到一封信。________________________________________________

　　2. 我父亲以前到过长城。_______________________________________________

　　3. 她去过上海。______________________________________________________

　　4. 他这些天上哪儿去了？____________________________________

　　现在完成时练习（2）

　　一、 单项选择。

　　1. —______ you ___ your homework yet ?

　　—Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .

　　A.Did ; do ; finished B.Have ; done ; finished

　　C.Have ; done ; have finished D.will ; do ; finish

　　2. His father ______ the Party since 1978 .

　　A. joined B. has joined C. was in D. has been in

　　3. —Do you know him well ?

　　— Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .

　　A. were B. have been C. have become D. have made

　　4.When he arrived at the bus stop, the bus _____ for 20 minutes.

　　A. has left B. had left C. has been away D. had been away

　　5. I ______ the League for 5 years so far.

　　A. joined B. have joined C. have been in

　　6.The factory ____ since the February of 1988.

　　A . has been open B. has opened C. was open D. opened

　　7.Mary and Rose ____friends since they met in 2000.

　　A. have made B. have been C. made D. have become

　　8.The meeting _____ for a week now.

　　A. has finished B. has ended C. has been over

　　9.Miss Gao ______ this school for nearly 5 years.

　　A. has been in B. has come to C. has taught

　　10. How long _______ he ________ ?

　　A. died B. has, died C. has, been dead

　　11. He ______ at eight yesterday afternoon.

　　A. slept B. was sleeping C. has sleep D. had slept

　　12.He ________ the car for a week.

　　A. bought B. has bought C. has had

　　13.-----How long _____ you _____ ill ? -----Two weeks.

　　A. did fall B. have, fell C. have, been

　　14.I'll lend you the book , but you can only _____ it for 2 days.

　　A. borrow B. keep C. take

　　15.----- How long can I ______ the book? ------ Two weeks.

　　A. borrow B. lend C. get D. keep

　　二、 句型转换。

　　1.He has never surfed, ______?（改成反意疑问句）

　　2. This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换)

　　This factory ______ for twenty years.

　　3. Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同义句）

　　Her mother _______ the Party three years ________ .

　　4. The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同义句转换)

　　_______ two years ________ the Green family moved to France.

　　三、用过去时或现在完成时填空：

　　1. “_________ you __________ (have) lunch ?” “Yes.”

　　“When ________ you __________ (have) it?” “I ____________ (have) it at 12:00.” 7

　　2. “_________ you __________ (write) a letter to your aunt yet?”

　　“Yes, I ___________. I ________________ (write) one last week.”

　　3. “_________ he ___________ (finish) his homework?” “Not yet.”

　　4. “_________ they ever __________ (be) abroad?” “Yes, just once.”

　　5. Your father _________ just ___________ (finish) his work.

　　6. Your father _________ (finish) his work just now.

　　7. Last term I __________ (learn) many English words.

　　8. They ____________ (not read) the interesting books yet.

　　9. He _____________ never ____________ (go) to the science museum.

　　10. ____________ you ever ____________ (drink) coke?

　　11.Have you _____________ (buy) a dictionary? “ “Yes, I __________ .”

　　“Where______ you ___________(buy) it?” “ I _________(buy) it in a bookstore.”

　　“When ___________ you _____________ (buy) it?” “ Yesterday.”

　　四、用since和for填空

　　1. ______ two years 2._______ two years ago 3. _______ last month 4.______ 1999

　　5._______ yesterday 6. _______ 4 o’clock 7. ______ 4 hours

　　8. _______ we were children 9.______ she left here

　　10. He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last.

　　11. I’ve known him __________ we were children.

　　12. Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years.

　　13. She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years.

　　14. It’s about ten years __________ she left the city.

　　五、用have/has been to/in, have gone to及go的各种形式填空。

　　1) Where is Jack? He __________ his country.

　　2) David ________ the park just now.

　　3) John _______ England since he came back.

　　4) How long _____ have _____ this village?

　　5) The Smiths ______ Beijing for years.

　　6) _____ you ever ____ America? -- Yes, I _____ there many times.

　　7) I _____ this school since three years ago.

　　8) Where is Jim? He _____ the farm.

　　9) When_____ he _____? He _______ an hour ago.

　　10) Would you like to _____ the zoo with me? ---Yes, but I _____ there before.

　　11) Where _____ you _____ now? --- I ____ the zoo.

　　12) He often _____ swimming.

　　13) _____ you ______ there last year?

　　14) _____ they often ______ skating in winter?

　　六、综合练习:

　　I. 用never, ever, already, yet, for, since填空

　　1. I have _______ seen him before, so I have no idea about him.

　　2. Jack has _________ finished his homework ________ an hour ago.

　　3. Mr. Wang has taught in this school ________ ten years.

　　4. “Have you ________ seen the film?” “No, I have ________ seen it.”

　　5. “Has the bus left _______?” “Yes, it has _________ left.”

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