unit 6 问答题及口述题

Unit 6 Navigation

Topics

1. Say something about the correction and updating of Admiralty Charts.

Admiralty Charts are indispensable to mariners. According to SOLAS, all ships shall carry adequate and up-to-date charts and other nautical publications necessary for the intended voyage. In order to keep up-to-date and reliable, charts have to undergo correction. Corrections are generally promulgated [发布] by weekly edition of Notices to Mariners.

When correcting a chart, first check that the last published correction to it has been made. If several charts are affected by one Notice, the largest scale chart should be corrected first. Chart 5011-Symbols and Abbreviations used on Admiralty Charts should be followed to ensure uniformity of corrections.

All corrections given in Notices to Mariners should be inserted on the charts affected. Permanent changes are in waterproof violet ink, Temporary and preliminary changes in pencil. Erasures should never be made. Where necessary, details should be crossed through. Where tinted depths contours require amendment, the line should be amended, but the tint can remain untouched. Where information is displaced for clarity, its proper position should be indicated by a small circle and arrow.

2. Describe the preparatory work before sailing into heavy seas.

Sailing in heavy seas is very dangerous. Ship may labor heavily, and even have a very big list. Shipping seas on deck occurs frequently. These will arouse some potential dangers of sailing. for example, the shifting of cargo may result in the capsizing of the ship and shipping seas may lead to the flooding of the cargo space. So it is important to make some preparatory work before sailing into heavy seas. Since safety of personnel is the first, no one is allowed to come on deck if practicable in order to avoid from falling overboard. The ventilators on deck should be closed and secured. It is necessary to double check the securing and lashing conditions of cargoes, derrick booms and other fittings, life boats and the like. Most importantly, all the emergency equipment should be ready for immediate use. In a word, safety of personnel and ship is a big concern.

3. Describe narrow strait navigation

Narrow strait means the seaworthy area is restricted. The depth and width of this area are confined and traffic is dense. A vessel proceeding along the narrow strait shall fully observe the relevant regulations and conventions, that is the COLREG 72. For instance, It shall keep as near to the outer limit of the channel which lies on her starboard side as is safe and practicable. It shall keep a safe speed and a certain distance from other vessels.

Before sailing in a narrow strait, the Captain shall come on the bridge and all the crew shall be stationed. It is necessary to stand by engine, strengthen the look-out, check the working condition of steering gear and telegraph if necessary. In a word, careful preparatory work shall be done for narrow strait navigation.

4. Describe the duties of watch-keeping when underway.

A General rules as to watch-keeping

B Items to be checked and monitored each watch.

C Special attention for bridge watch-keeping

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The officer in charge of the navigational watch shall:

1) keep the watch on the bridge

2)in no circumstances leave the bridge until properly relieved

3) continue to be responsible for the safe navigation of the ship, despite the presence of the master on the bridge, until informed specifically that the master has assumed that responsibility and this is mutually understood; and

4) notify the master when in any doubt as to what action to take in the interest of safety.

During the watch the course steered, position and speed shall be checked at

sufficiently frequent intervals, using any available navigational aids necessary, to ensure that the ship follows the planed course.

The officer in charge of navigational watch shall have full knowledge of the

safety and navigational equipment on board and make effective use of them. A proper lookout and security watch shall be kept and a record shall be maintained.

5: Describe the bridge shift change.

A The conditions which must be satisfied before taking over a bridge watch.

B The procedures for shift change.

C Special attention for shift change.

The officer in charge of the bridge watch shall not hand over the watch to the

relieving officer if there is reason to believe that the latter is not capable of carrying out the watch-keeping duties effectively, in which case the master shall be notified. The relieving officer shall ensure that the members of the relieving watch are

fully capable of performing their duties, particularly as regards their adjustment to night vision. Reliving officers shall not take over the watch until their vision is fully adjusted to the light condition.

Prior to taking over the watch relieving officers shall satisfy themselves as to

the ship’s estimated or true position and confirm its intended track, course and speed, and UMS controls as appropriate and shall note any dangers to navigation expected 2

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to be encountered during their watch.

If at any time the officer in charge of bridge watch is to be relieved when a

manoeuvre or other action to avoid any hazard is taking place, the relief of that

officer shall be deferred until such action has been completed.

6. Describe the differences between navigating in a narrow channel and in

a traffic separation scheme.

A The rules in navigating in a narrow channel.

B The rules in navigating in a traffic separation scheme.

C The major differences in terms of technical navigation

a.) A vessel proceeding along the course of a narrow channel shall keep as near to the

outer limit of the channel which lies on her starboard side as is safe and practicable.

b.) A vessel using a traffic separation scheme shall proceed in the appropriate traffic

lane in the general direction of traffic flow for that lane and so far as practicable keep

clear of a traffic separation line or separation zone.

c.) Navigating in narrow channel requires great skill. Since it might be crowded with

heavy traffic, a sharp look-out shall always be kept. Before entering the narrow

channel, duty officer shall familiarize themselves by consulting relevant sailing

directions and other nautical publications.

While navigating in traffic separation scheme, we have to proceed in the proper

lane, because the traffic lane is adopted by IMO and is compulsory for vessel to

proceed.

7: Describe advantages of various tools or technologies for proper lookout.

a) The features of radar observation.

b) The advantages of visual lookout.

c) The correct uses of various tools or technologies.

a.) If radar is fitted and operational, including long-range scanning, we can obtain

early warning of risk of collision and radar plotting or equivalent systematic observation of detected objects. Though it is very efficient, it does have such limitations as: 1) the constraints imposed 3

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by the radar range scale in use; 2) the possibility that small vessels, ice and other floating objects may not be detected; 3) the effect on radar of sea state, weather and other sources of interference, etc.

b.) The visual lookout has the following advantages: It is reliable and sensitive to color. It is

easy to assess heading using human brain. It is easy to identify small targets. The visual lookout is able to see light configurations, figure out types of ship, identify flashing lights, see changing weather patterns, see effect of sea on vessel, affected by blind sector (if observer moves according to the observing position).

c.) Proper use of radar, ARPAR and other technologies should be made during watch-keeping. The working of Radar or other apparatus does not relieve the watch officers of his duty to maintain a proper lookout at all time. Mariners cannot depend on machines too much. Lookout (bridge watch) is always very important, especially in some passages, inside the port and in some dangerous sailing areas. Delayed actions will possibly give rise to big accidents.

Questions concerned:

1. What does a weather message consist of ?

It normally includes three parts: warning, synopsis [大势]and forecast.

2. When will a gale warning be issued?

It is usually issued when winds of at least force 8 or gusts reaching 43 knots are expected.

3. When will a storm warning be issued?

It is usually issued when winds of force 10 or gusts reaching 61 knots are expected.

4. What are the main systems for ships to receive weather information automatically?

NAVTEX 航行电传业务( Navtex is a radio telex broadcasting service which has been developed by IMO to form an international marine safety information service for use in certain NAVAREAS. The service broadcasts navigational warnings, meteorological information and initial distress message, which can be received and printed by a Navtex receiver left operational continuously.)

5. What does GMDSS stand for?

Global maritime distress and safety system.

6. What does the message marker “INSTRUCTION” mean?

It refers to something you should know.

7. What does the message marker “WARNING” mean?

Something you should pay attention to.

8. What does the message marker “ADVICE” mean?

Something you should take into account.

9. What do you do after taking over the watch?

Study the chart to know the ship’s position, check the situation and surroundings of the ship.

10. Supposing you are in the dangerous quadrant of a typhoon in North hemisphere, how do 4

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you escape from it?

Starboard bow windward

11. What is the Master’s standing order?

They refer to the established and permanent orders given by the Master. All the watch officers are required to be familiar with them.

12. What preparations should you make before sailing in heavy weather?

Stand by engine, secure the cargo.

13. How should you deal with the garbage onboard?

Garbage is disposed in four steps, i.e. collection, separation, processing and disposal. The disposal must be in full compliance with the Garbage Management Plan.

14. What are the actions to be taken when you encounter restricted visibility?

Turn on radar, strengthen the special look-out, and make use of fog signal.

15. What is Garbage Management Plan?

It is of ISM Code document. It refers to the garbage management.

16. Do you often change the ballast water?

No.

17. How do you take care of the magnetic compass?

Correct the deviation properly.

18. When do you usually update the chart?

On the receipt of Admiralty Notices to Mariners.

19. Which signal should you display while the vessel is not under command?

Two vertical black balls in the daytime, and two vertical red lights at night.

20. What does “fairway speed” mean?

The speed at which you must maintain in certain fairway.

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