教育资源为主的文档平台

当前位置: 查字典文档网> 所有文档分类> 工程科技> 环境科学/食品科学> Biological toxicity of lanthanide elements on algae

Biological toxicity of lanthanide elements on algae

上传者:陈由基
|
上传时间:2015-05-10
|
次下载

Biological toxicity of lanthanide elements on algae

生态毒理

2047–2048.

Biological toxicity of lanthanide elements on algae

Peidong Taia, Qing Zhaoa,b, Dan Sua,b, Peijun Lia

内容需要下载文档才能查看

,a, and Frank Stagnittic Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100039, China b

c Pro Vice-Chancellor Research, University of Ballarat, University Drive, Mt Helen Campus, PO Box 663, Ballarat, Vic. 3353, Australia

Received 15 February 2010;

revised 12 May 2010;

accepted 19 May 2010.

Available online 14 June 2010.

Abstract The biological toxicity of lanthanides on marine monocellular algae was investigated. The specific objective of this research was to establish the relationship between the abundance in the seawater of lanthanides and their biological toxicities on marine monocellular algae. The results showed that all single lanthanides had similar toxic effects on Skeletonema costatum. High concentrations of lanthanides (29.04 ± 0.61 μmol L?1) resulted in 50% reduction in growth of algae compared to the controls (0 μmol L?1) after 96 h (96 h-EC50). The biological toxicity of 13 lanthanides on marine monocellular algae was unrelated with the abundance of different lanthanide elements in nature, and the “Harkins rule” was not appropriate for the lanthanides. A mixed solution that contained equivalent concentrations of each lanthanide element had the same inhibition effect on algae cells as each individual lanthanide element at the same total concentration. This phenomenon is unique compared to the groups of other elements in the periodic table. Hence, we speculate that the monocellular organisms might not be able to sufficiently differentiate between the almost chemically identical lanthanide elements.

Keywords:Biological toxicity; Abundance; Lanthanide elements; Algae

生态毒理

Article Outline

1.

Introduction

2.

Materials and methods

2.1. Chemicals

2.2. Algal incubation

2.3. Toxicity testing

2.4. Data analysis

3.

Results

3.1. Single lanthanides toxicity

3.2. Mixture lanthanides toxicity

3.3. The relationship between the toxicity of lanthanide elements and their abundance

3.4. Toxicities of Sc and Y

4.

Discussion

5.

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

1. Introduction

The lanthanide series comprises the 15 elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71, from lanthanum to lutetium. The lanthanides, together with No. 21 scandium and No. 39 yttrium, are also sometimes referred to by the trivial name of “rare-earth elements“. All of the rare earth metals are found in group 3 of the periodic table. The lanthanide series is named after lanthanum ([Spedding and Daane, 1971], [Subbarao and Wallace, 1980] and

[Yoshida et al., 1997]). Members of the series are often called lanthanides, because all of the members of the series very closely resemble the chemical properties of lanthanum. One of its members, promethium, is radioactive. Lanthanides are grouped because of their properties are tremendously similar, the same electronic layers and similar electronic configurations, their properties differing only slightly with atomic number ([Yoshida et al.,

生态毒理

1997] and [Greenwood and Earnshaw, 1997]).

From hydrogen to uranium, there are 85 stable elements in nature. More than 30 elements of which are called the essential elements for life and have a key function in helping living organisms live and healthy. In general, different essential elements have different functions for life and cannot be replaced with each other (Uchida, 2000). Some other elements, the nocuous elements, such as lead and tantalum, still have obviously different functions to life: their biological toxicities and inhibitions are different. Therefore, except for the inert gases, which have no observational functions for life because they do not form chemical compounds, living organisms can identify most elements, no matter how useful or toxic they are. It is well documented that those elements existing in large amounts in nature (lithosphere, crust and ocean) have low or little toxicity to living organisms. Generally speaking, high abundance of elements results in low the biological toxicity (Banin and Navrot, 1975). This is referred to as “Harkins rule” (Banin and Navrot, 1975). However, is the “Harkins rule” suitable for the lanthanides? No reported investigations were found in the scientific literature. Most of the stable chemical elements in nature can be identified in living organisms. However, no reported investigations for lanthanides were found in the available literature.

Algae are ecologically important organisms in the aquatic food chain and are frequently used in environmental studies for assessing the relative toxicity of various chemicals and/or waste discharges. Currently, batch technique is adopted by most standard algal test protocols for regulatory purposes ([Organization for Economic Cooperation, 1984],

[ISO 8692:2004 Wa, 2004], [American Society for Testing, 1994], US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)., 1996 and [ISO 14442:2006 W, 1444]). There are many compelling reasons for including algal indicators in environmental monitoring programs. One of the most important functions is that algae contribute substantially to total ecosystem primary production in most aquatic habitats. Because of their short response times, algae often provide one of the first signals of ecosystem impacts, thereby allowing for corrective regulatory and management actions to be taken before other undesirable impacts occur. Hence, algal tests are generally sensitive, rapid and cost effective ([Walsh, 1988] and [Nalewajko and Olaveson, 1998]). For these reasons they have been

生态毒理

frequently used in environmental studies and were applied in a number of different contexts, in screening test materials for the presence of toxicity, or as important parts of toxicity characterizations of test materials ([Walsh, 1988], [Peterson and Nyhol, 1993],

[Halling-Sorensen et al., 1996], [Lin et al., 2005], [Pavli? et al., 2005] and [Melo et al., 2006]).

The aim of this study was to evaluate toxic effects of 13 lanthanide elements on algae and study the relationship between the biological toxicity of lanthanide and their abundance in seawater.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Chemicals

The following commercially available chemicals (purity >99.9%) were used: lanthanum chloride [LaCl3], cerium nitrate [Ce(NO3)3], neodymium chloride [NdCl3], samarium chloride [SmCl3], europium nitrate [Eu(NO3)3], gadolinium nitrate [Gd(NO3)3], terbium chloride[TbCl3], dysprosium chloride [DyCl3], holmium chloride [HoCl3], erbium nitrate

[Er(NO3)3], thulium chloride [TmCl3], ytterbium chloride [YbCl3], lutetium chloride [LuCl3], scandium chloride [ScCl3], and yttrium nitrate [Y(NO3)3]. All chemicals were bought from Acros Organics and Sterem Chemicals, USA. As a radioelement, Promethium was not included in our chemical list since we were unable to study it from the above chemical companies. Concentrations used in final tests were determined by carrying out a preliminary range-finding test covering several orders of magnitude of difference in test concentrations. Steps were uniform for all tested substances.

2.2. Algal incubation

Marine microalgae Skeletonema costatum was obtained from the key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao. Inocula were taken from pre-cultures set up 3 d before the experiment and propagated under the same test conditions as the subsequent test. The initial cell densities were adjusted to approximately 104 cells mL?1 using plate count method. Obtained artificial seawater was enriched with a modification of f/2 medium, without EDTA. It has been demonstrated that EDTA greatly decreases the

生态毒理

toxicity of elements due to the chelating properties of the molecules (Sunda and Guillard, 1976).The modification f/2 media consisted of NaNO3 74.8 mg L?1, NaH2PO4 4.4 mg L?1, Trace metals stock solution 1.00 mL and Vitamin mix stock solution 1.00 mL, and was finally made up with filtered natural seawater, adjust pH to 8.0 with 1 M NaOH or HCl. The f/2 media contained all the essential elements and the trace element which were necessary for the algae growth. The trace metals stock solution was maintained in de-ionized water containing (L?1): 3.9 g FeC6H5O7·5H2O, 23 mg ZnSO4·4H2O, 10 mg CuSO4·5H2O, 178 mg MnCl2·4H2O; 7.3 mg Na2MoO4·2H2O, 12 mg CoCl2·6H2O. The vitamin mix stock solution was formulated by adding 0.5 mg Cyanocobalamin (B12), 0.5 mg Biotin (H), and 100 mg Thiamine (B1) to 1 L de-ionized water (Liang et al., 1998).

2.3. Toxicity testing

The toxicity of elements was assessed by measuring the ability of the elements to inhibit the growth of algae, as described in ISO 8692 (ISO, 2004).

The toxic effect of 13 lanthanide on S. costatum was conducted using 125 mL glass Erlenmeyer flasks that contained 30 mL of culture medium augmented with various concentrations of single lanthanides. Glassware used in the test and the nutrient solution sterilized with steam for 20 min at 105 °C, then sterilized by irradiating with ultraviolet for 20 min in Clean Room. Approximately 104 algal cells per mL from a late log phase culture were added into flasks and incubated for 72 h. Each concentration was triplicate. The vessels were randomly arranged in a photoautotrophic machine (Eyelatron FL1-160) during the toxicity tests. The cultures were incubated at 25 ± 1 °C, using a photoperiod of 14 h light and 10 h dark, lighting was supplied by white fluorescent lamps with a light intensity of 6000 lux (Voltcraft luxmeter FX-101). In order to avoid poor gas exchange conditions, the test flasks were shaken 5 min for each 12 h interval (110 rpm). The algae concentrations were measured at the beginning and at the end of the test by counting the cells with a hemacytometer.

For evaluating the toxic effects of mixed lanthanides on algae, a 13 lanthanides mixed solution that contained an equivalent concentration of each lanthanide element was used for another inhibition experiment. Single element solution, the lanthanum solution,

版权声明:此文档由查字典文档网用户提供,如用于商业用途请与作者联系,查字典文档网保持最终解释权!

下载文档

热门试卷

2016年四川省内江市中考化学试卷
广西钦州市高新区2017届高三11月月考政治试卷
浙江省湖州市2016-2017学年高一上学期期中考试政治试卷
浙江省湖州市2016-2017学年高二上学期期中考试政治试卷
辽宁省铁岭市协作体2017届高三上学期第三次联考政治试卷
广西钦州市钦州港区2016-2017学年高二11月月考政治试卷
广西钦州市钦州港区2017届高三11月月考政治试卷
广西钦州市钦州港区2016-2017学年高一11月月考政治试卷
广西钦州市高新区2016-2017学年高二11月月考政治试卷
广西钦州市高新区2016-2017学年高一11月月考政治试卷
山东省滨州市三校2017届第一学期阶段测试初三英语试题
四川省成都七中2017届高三一诊模拟考试文科综合试卷
2017届普通高等学校招生全国统一考试模拟试题(附答案)
重庆市永川中学高2017级上期12月月考语文试题
江西宜春三中2017届高三第一学期第二次月考文科综合试题
内蒙古赤峰二中2017届高三上学期第三次月考英语试题
2017年六年级(上)数学期末考试卷
2017人教版小学英语三年级上期末笔试题
江苏省常州西藏民族中学2016-2017学年九年级思想品德第一学期第二次阶段测试试卷
重庆市九龙坡区七校2016-2017学年上期八年级素质测查(二)语文学科试题卷
江苏省无锡市钱桥中学2016年12月八年级语文阶段性测试卷
江苏省无锡市钱桥中学2016-2017学年七年级英语12月阶段检测试卷
山东省邹城市第八中学2016-2017学年八年级12月物理第4章试题(无答案)
【人教版】河北省2015-2016学年度九年级上期末语文试题卷(附答案)
四川省简阳市阳安中学2016年12月高二月考英语试卷
四川省成都龙泉中学高三上学期2016年12月月考试题文科综合能力测试
安徽省滁州中学2016—2017学年度第一学期12月月考​高三英语试卷
山东省武城县第二中学2016.12高一年级上学期第二次月考历史试题(必修一第四、五单元)
福建省四地六校联考2016-2017学年上学期第三次月考高三化学试卷
甘肃省武威第二十三中学2016—2017学年度八年级第一学期12月月考生物试卷

网友关注视频

冀教版小学数学二年级下册1
冀教版小学数学二年级下册第二单元《有余数除法的整理与复习》
第五单元 民族艺术的瑰宝_16. 形形色色的民族乐器_第一课时(岭南版六年级上册)_T1406126
沪教版八年级下册数学练习册21.3(3)分式方程P17
七年级英语下册 上海牛津版 Unit9
第12章 圆锥曲线_12.7 抛物线的标准方程_第一课时(特等奖)(沪教版高二下册)_T274713
冀教版小学英语四年级下册Lesson2授课视频
七年级英语下册 上海牛津版 Unit5
苏教版二年级下册数学《认识东、南、西、北》
【部编】人教版语文七年级下册《泊秦淮》优质课教学视频+PPT课件+教案,湖北省
沪教版八年级下次数学练习册21.4(2)无理方程P19
北师大版八年级物理下册 第六章 常见的光学仪器(二)探究凸透镜成像的规律
沪教版牛津小学英语(深圳用) 四年级下册 Unit 7
19 爱护鸟类_第一课时(二等奖)(桂美版二年级下册)_T502436
冀教版小学英语五年级下册lesson2教学视频(2)
第五单元 民族艺术的瑰宝_16. 形形色色的民族乐器_第一课时(岭南版六年级上册)_T3751175
【部编】人教版语文七年级下册《逢入京使》优质课教学视频+PPT课件+教案,辽宁省
二次函数求实际问题中的最值_第一课时(特等奖)(冀教版九年级下册)_T144339
冀教版小学数学二年级下册第二周第2课时《我们的测量》宝丰街小学庞志荣
外研版八年级英语下学期 Module3
北师大版数学 四年级下册 第三单元 第二节 小数点搬家
沪教版牛津小学英语(深圳用) 四年级下册 Unit 3
人教版历史八年级下册第一课《中华人民共和国成立》
【部编】人教版语文七年级下册《过松源晨炊漆公店(其五)》优质课教学视频+PPT课件+教案,江苏省
【部编】人教版语文七年级下册《泊秦淮》优质课教学视频+PPT课件+教案,天津市
冀教版小学数学二年级下册第二单元《有余数除法的简单应用》
【部编】人教版语文七年级下册《逢入京使》优质课教学视频+PPT课件+教案,安徽省
8.对剪花样_第一课时(二等奖)(冀美版二年级上册)_T515402
化学九年级下册全册同步 人教版 第22集 酸和碱的中和反应(一)
沪教版牛津小学英语(深圳用) 四年级下册 Unit 4