教育资源为主的文档平台

当前位置: 查字典文档网> 所有文档分类> 经管营销> 企业管理> What Is Strategy

What Is Strategy

上传者:刘传增
|
上传时间:2015-05-07
|
次下载

What Is Strategy

What Is Strategy? ?

This article has benefited greatly from the assistance of many individuals and companies. The author gives special thanks to Jan Rivkin, the coauthor of a related paper. Substantial research contributions have been made by Nicolaj

Siggelkow, Dawn Sylvester, and Lucia Marshall. Tarun Khanna, Roger Martin, and Anita McGahan have provided especially extensive comments.

I. Operational Effectiveness Is Not Strategy

For almost two decades, managers have been learning to play by a new set of rules.

Companies must be flexible to respond rapidly to competitive and market changes. They must benchmark continuously to achieve best practice. They must outsource aggressively to gain efficiencies. And they must nurture a few core competencies in race to stay ahead of rivals.

Positioning—once the heart of strategy—is rejected as too static for today’s dynamic markets and changing technologies. According to the new dogma, rivals can quickly copy any market position, and competitive advantage is, at best, temporary.

But those beliefs are dangerous half-truths, and they are leading more and more

companies down the path of mutually destructive competition. True, some barriers to competition are falling as regulation eases and markets become global. True, companies have properly invested energy in becoming leaner and more nimble. In many industries, however, what some callhypercompetition is a self-inflicted wound, not the inevitable outcome of a changing paradigm of competition.

The root of the problem is the failure to distinguish between operational effectiveness and strategy. The quest for productivity, quality, and speed has spawned a remarkable number of management tools and techniques: total quality management, benchmarking, time-based competition, outsourcing, partnering, reengineering, change management. Although the resulting operational improvements have often been dramatic, many

companies have been frustrated by their inability to translate those gains into sustainable profitability. And bit by bit, almost imperceptibly, management tools have taken the place of strategy. As managers push to improve on all fronts, they move farther away from viable competitive positions.

Operational Effectiveness: Necessary but Not Sufficient

Operational effectiveness and strategy are both essential to superior performance, which, after all, is the primary goal of any enterprise. But they work in very different ways.

A company can outperform rivals only if it can establish a difference that it can preserve. It must deliver greater value to customers or create comparable value at a lower cost, or do both. The arithmetic of superior profitability then follows: delivering greater value allows a company to charge higher average unit prices; greater efficiency results in lower average unit costs.

A company can outperform rivals only if it can establish a difference that it can preserve.

Ultimately, all differences between companies in cost or price derive from the hundreds of activities required to create, produce, sell, and deliver their products or services, such as calling on customers, assembling final products, and training employees. Cost is

generated by performing activities, and cost advantage arises from performing particular activities more efficiently than competitors. Similarly, differentiation arises from both the choice of activities and how they are performed. Activities, then are the basic units of competitive advantage. Overall advantage or disadvantage results from all a company’s activities, not only a few.1

Operational effectiveness (OE) means performing similar activities better than rivals

perform them. Operational effectiveness includes but is not limited to efficiency. It refers to any number of practices that allow a company to better utilize its inputs by, for

example, reducing defects in products or developing better products faster. In contrast, strategic positioning means performingdifferent activities from rivals’ or performing similar activities in differentways.

内容需要下载文档才能查看

内容需要下载文档才能查看

Operational Effectiveness Versus Strategic Positioning

Differences in operational effectiveness among companies are pervasive. Some

companies are able to get more out of their inputs than others because they eliminate wasted effort, employ more advanced technology, motivate employees better, or have greater insight into managing particular activities or sets of activities. Such differences in operational effectiveness are an important source of differences in profitability among competitors because they directly affect relative cost positions and levels of

differentiation.

Differences in operational effectiveness were at the heart of the Japanese challenge to Western companies in the 1980s. The Japanese were so far ahead of rivals in operational effectiveness that they could offer lower cost and superior quality at the same time. It is worth dwelling on this point, because so much recent thinking about competition depends on it. Imagine for a moment a productivity frontier that constitutes the sum of all existing best practices at any given time. Think of it as the maximum value that a

company delivering a particular product or service can create at a given cost, using the best available technologies, skills, management techniques, and purchased inputs. The productivity frontier can apply to individual activities, to groups of linked activities such as order processing and manufacturing, and to an entire company’s activities. When a company improves its operational effectiveness, it moves toward the frontier. Doing so may require capital investment, different personnel, or simply new ways of managing. The productivity frontier is constantly shifting outward as new technologies and management approaches are developed and as new inputs become available. Laptop computers, mobile communications, the Internet, and software such as Lotus Notes, for example, have redefined the productivity frontier for sales-force operations and created rich possibilities for linking sales with such activities as order processing and after-sales support. Similarly, lean production, which involves a family of activities, has allowed substantial improvements in manufacturing productivity and asset utilization.

For at least the past decade, managers have been preoccupied with improving operational effectiveness. Through programs such as TQM, time-based competition, and

benchmarking, they have changed how they perform activities in order to eliminate inefficiencies, improve customer satisfaction, and achieve best practice. Hoping to keep up with shifts in the productivity frontier, managers have embraced continuous improvement, empowerment, change management, and the so-called learning organization. The popularity of outsourcing and the virtual corporation reflect the growing recognition that it is difficult to perform all activities as productively as specialists.

As companies move to the frontier, they can often improve on multiple dimensions of performance at the same time. For example, manufacturers that adopted the Japanese

版权声明:此文档由查字典文档网用户提供,如用于商业用途请与作者联系,查字典文档网保持最终解释权!

下载文档

热门试卷

2016年四川省内江市中考化学试卷
广西钦州市高新区2017届高三11月月考政治试卷
浙江省湖州市2016-2017学年高一上学期期中考试政治试卷
浙江省湖州市2016-2017学年高二上学期期中考试政治试卷
辽宁省铁岭市协作体2017届高三上学期第三次联考政治试卷
广西钦州市钦州港区2016-2017学年高二11月月考政治试卷
广西钦州市钦州港区2017届高三11月月考政治试卷
广西钦州市钦州港区2016-2017学年高一11月月考政治试卷
广西钦州市高新区2016-2017学年高二11月月考政治试卷
广西钦州市高新区2016-2017学年高一11月月考政治试卷
山东省滨州市三校2017届第一学期阶段测试初三英语试题
四川省成都七中2017届高三一诊模拟考试文科综合试卷
2017届普通高等学校招生全国统一考试模拟试题(附答案)
重庆市永川中学高2017级上期12月月考语文试题
江西宜春三中2017届高三第一学期第二次月考文科综合试题
内蒙古赤峰二中2017届高三上学期第三次月考英语试题
2017年六年级(上)数学期末考试卷
2017人教版小学英语三年级上期末笔试题
江苏省常州西藏民族中学2016-2017学年九年级思想品德第一学期第二次阶段测试试卷
重庆市九龙坡区七校2016-2017学年上期八年级素质测查(二)语文学科试题卷
江苏省无锡市钱桥中学2016年12月八年级语文阶段性测试卷
江苏省无锡市钱桥中学2016-2017学年七年级英语12月阶段检测试卷
山东省邹城市第八中学2016-2017学年八年级12月物理第4章试题(无答案)
【人教版】河北省2015-2016学年度九年级上期末语文试题卷(附答案)
四川省简阳市阳安中学2016年12月高二月考英语试卷
四川省成都龙泉中学高三上学期2016年12月月考试题文科综合能力测试
安徽省滁州中学2016—2017学年度第一学期12月月考​高三英语试卷
山东省武城县第二中学2016.12高一年级上学期第二次月考历史试题(必修一第四、五单元)
福建省四地六校联考2016-2017学年上学期第三次月考高三化学试卷
甘肃省武威第二十三中学2016—2017学年度八年级第一学期12月月考生物试卷

网友关注

2014年春季公务员考试申论模拟试卷
2013年河北公务员考试行测数量关系答案解析
申论技巧:贯彻执行类试题答题思路
历年河北省公务员考试行测真题特点及命题趋势分析
历年河北公务员考试行测数学运算真题特点
2014年河北公务员考试申论题型大猜想
盘点河北公务员考试“最接地气”的行测题目
2014年河北省公务员考试行测真题
河北公务员考试:申论综合分析四种题型
2013年河北省公务员录用考试《申论》试卷
2013年河北公务员面试真题解读(6月8日)
盘点413公务员考试最“逆袭”题
2013年河北省公务员考试行测试卷
2013年河北公务员考试行测真题深度解读:延续以往风格 命题独树一帜
足够机灵才能答好的公务员面试真题
2012河北公务员面试真题大本营
2010年河北省公务员考试面试真题及答案解析
2013年河北公务员面试真题中的“领导”都有高招
2013年6月2日河北省考结构化面试真题解读
历年河北公务员面试真题深度剖析
2014河北省考申论:借力文化发展 推进城市建设
2014年河北公务员考试行测答案
2013年河北公务员面试真题复习注意事项
2014年河北公务员考试行测真题答案解析
2011年4月24日河北公务员考试《行测》真题及答案解析
2013年5月18日河北省考面试题目解析
2013河北省公务员考试申论真题整体特点
2013年6月1日河北省考结构化面试真题解读
历年河北省公务员考试申论真题特点与命题趋势分析
2014河北公务员考试申论冲刺锦囊之合理分配答题时间

网友关注视频

【部编】人教版语文七年级下册《过松源晨炊漆公店(其五)》优质课教学视频+PPT课件+教案,辽宁省
【部编】人教版语文七年级下册《泊秦淮》优质课教学视频+PPT课件+教案,湖北省
【部编】人教版语文七年级下册《逢入京使》优质课教学视频+PPT课件+教案,安徽省
外研版英语七年级下册module1unit3名词性物主代词讲解
第五单元 民族艺术的瑰宝_15. 多姿多彩的民族服饰_第二课时(市一等奖)(岭南版六年级上册)_T129830
北师大版八年级物理下册 第六章 常见的光学仪器(二)探究凸透镜成像的规律
《小学数学二年级下册》第二单元测试题讲解
化学九年级下册全册同步 人教版 第18集 常见的酸和碱(二)
青岛版教材五年级下册第四单元(走进军营——方向与位置)用数对确定位置(一等奖)
北师大版数学四年级下册3.4包装
第8课 对称剪纸_第一课时(二等奖)(沪书画版二年级上册)_T3784187
沪教版八年级下册数学练习册一次函数复习题B组(P11)
沪教版牛津小学英语(深圳用) 四年级下册 Unit 3
沪教版牛津小学英语(深圳用) 四年级下册 Unit 4
二年级下册数学第二课
苏科版八年级数学下册7.2《统计图的选用》
二年级下册数学第一课
第4章 幂函数、指数函数和对数函数(下)_六 指数方程和对数方程_4.7 简单的指数方程_第一课时(沪教版高一下册)_T1566237
二年级下册数学第三课 搭一搭⚖⚖
小学英语单词
冀教版小学数学二年级下册1
3.2 数学二年级下册第二单元 表内除法(一)整理和复习 李菲菲
【部编】人教版语文七年级下册《泊秦淮》优质课教学视频+PPT课件+教案,辽宁省
19 爱护鸟类_第一课时(二等奖)(桂美版二年级下册)_T3763925
沪教版牛津小学英语(深圳用) 五年级下册 Unit 10
冀教版小学英语五年级下册lesson2教学视频(2)
【获奖】科粤版初三九年级化学下册第七章7.3浓稀的表示
苏教版二年级下册数学《认识东、南、西、北》
外研版英语七年级下册module3 unit2第一课时
外研版英语七年级下册module3 unit1第二课时