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EMSELEnvironmental Management Systems Engineering Lab.
BIOMATHDepartment of Applied Mathematics, Biometrics and Process Control
Optimizing Biological Nutrient Removal Processes (EMSEL)
(2007 3 9 )EMSEL, Kyung Hee Univ.(ckyoo@khu.ac.kr or ChangKyoo.Yoo@biomath.ugent.be)
Presentation Review of Theory – Nitrification – Denitrification – Phosphorus Removal Optimization for nutrient removal – Nitrification Optimization – Denitrification Optimization Systematic optimization protocol for N and P removal – Case study 1 : SBR, Belgium – Case study 2 : Haaren, carrousel, Netherlands Problems and Troubleshooting (?)ChangKyoo Yoo - 2
References1.Jeanette A. Brown, P.E., DEE, (Executive Director SWPCA, CSWEA)- Optimizing Biological Nitrogen Removal Processes, USA 2.Dean Pond, Black Veatch (WWTP Operators School)Biological Wastewater Treatment Operators School, USA 3.Kim J.K, University of Wisconsin Madison, Biological Nutrient Removal Theories and Design, USA 4.Tao Jiang, BIOMATH , Belgium, UNESCO-IHE, Calibrating a Side-stream Membrane Bioreactor using ASM1, Belgium 5. Henze, DTU, Activated Sludge Model 1,2,2d,3, Denmark 6.Peter A. Vanrolleghem, Laval Univ., Optimal but robust N and P removal in SBRs, Canada
ChangKyoo Yoo - 3
Advanced Treatment Systems
What are the effects of N and P in receiving waters?
ChangKyoo Yoo - 4
What are the effects of N and P in receiving waters? Increases aquatic growth (algae) Increases DO depletion Causes NH4 toxicity Causes pH changes
ChangKyoo Yoo - 5
Nitrogen Removal Purpose– Reduce effluent N (ammonia and nitrates) – Biological or chemical – Reduce nutrient load on stream – Reduce algae growth – Reduce oxygen depletion
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Why is it necessary to treat the forms of nitrogen? Improve receiving stream quality Increase chlorination efficiency Minimize pH changes in plant Increase suitability for reuse Prevent NH4 toxicity Protect groundwater from nitrate contamination
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What are the forms of nitrogen found in wastewater? TKN = 40% Organic + 60% Free Ammonia Typical concentrations: Ammonia-N = 10-50 mg/L Organic N = 10 – 35 mg/L No nitrites or nitrates Forms of nitrogen: Organic N TKN Ammonia Total Nitrite N Nitrate
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Why is it sometimes necessary to remove P from municipal WWTPs? Reduce phosphorus, which is a key limiting nutrient in the environment Improve receiving water quality by:– Reducing aquatic plant growth and DO depletion – Preventing aquatic organism kill
Reduce taste and odor problems in downstream drinking water supplies
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Advanced Treatment SystemsIdentify and explain the objectives of the following advanced treatment systems:– Further removal of organics – Further removal of suspended
solids – Nutrient removal (N and P) – Removal of dissolved solids
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Advanced Treatment Systems
How is N removed or altered by conventional secondary (biological) treatment?
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Nitrification
ChangKyoo Yoo - 12
Nitrification Oxidation of ammonia nitrogen to nitrite nitrogen by nitrosamonas group:– NH4+ + O2 2H+ + NO2-
Oxidation of nitrite nitrogen by nitrobacter group:– NO2- + O2 NO3-
ChangKyoo Yoo - 13
Nitrification NH4+ Nitrosomonas NO2 NO2- Nitrobacter NO3 Notes:– – – – Aerobic process Control by SRT (4 + days) Uses oxygen 1 mg of NH4+ uses 4.6 mg O2 Depletes alkalinity 1 mg NH4+ consumes 7.14 mg alkalinity – Low oxygen and temperature = difficult to operateChangKyoo Yoo - 14
Un-aerated Bioreactor (Anoxic Zone)
Primary EffluentAnoxic
Nitrate RecycleAerobic
RAS WAS
ChangKyoo Yoo - 15
Characteristics of an Un-aerated Bioreactor Anoxic Microorganisms– Facultative heterotrophic-use carbon for the formation of new biomass – Use nitrate/nitrite instead of oxygen – Oxygen is preferred
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Nitrifier Minimum Aerobic SRT Varies with Temperature.9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 10
Minimum SRT (Days)
Nitrification
No Nitrification
15
20 Temp (Deg Cent)
25
30
ChangKyoo Yoo - 17
Effective Nitrification
Achieved by: Effective nitrification – Adequate Aerobic SRT Temperature – Sufficient Oxygen Transfer Capacity Maintain a DO of 2 mg/l at peak loadings – pH 6.5, preferably 7 Accomplished by sufficient alkalinity (Effluent concentration at least 50 mg/l – No inhibitory materials
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Nitrification Optimization Summary Test nitrification rate occasionally Select appropriate SRT Keep DO at 2 mg/l Keep pH about neutral (optimal 7.5 to 8.5) Provide sufficient alkalinity
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Denitrification
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Denitrification
Using methanol as carbon source: 6 NO3- + 5 CH3OH N2 + 5 CO2 + 7 H2O + 6 OH Using an endogenous carbon source: C5H7NO2 + 4.6 NO32.8 N2 + 5 CO2 + 1.2 H2O + 4.6 OH-
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Denitrification NO3- denitrifiers (facultative bacteria) N2 gas + CO2 gas Notes:– Anoxic process – Control by volume and oxic MLSS recycle to anoxic zone – N used as O2 source = 1 mg NO3- yields 2.85 mg O2 equivalent – Adds alkalinity 1 mg NO3- restores 3.57 mg alkalinity – High BOD and NO3- load and low temperature = difficult to operate
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Denitrification with Supplemental CarbonMethanol or other carbon source
Primary Effluent
Nitrate Recycle
RAS WAS
ChangKyoo Yoo - 23
Denitrification is Controlled by Mixed Liquor Recirculation.
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 100 200
Denitrification (%)
% Denit = R/(R+Q) * 100
300
400
500
Mixed Liquor Recirculation (%)
ChangKyoo Yoo - 24
Effective Denitrification
Size based on anoxic SRT– Typically 1 to 2 day
s depending on temperature
Effective Denitrification – Sufficient Anoxic Volume (Anoxic SRT) – Sufficient Carbon – Sufficient mixed liquor recirculation
ChangKyoo Yoo - 25
External Carbon Methanol Stoichiometry– 2.5 (NO3-N) + 1.5 (NO2-N) + 0.87 (DO) – Or, approximately 3 mg CH3OH/mg NO3-N – Requires 1 to 3 day SRT in secondary anoxic zone depending on temperature
Other carbon sources technically feasible but generally more expensive.
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Denitrification Optimization Summary Minimize DO in anoxic zone ( 0.2 mg/l) Have 2Q to 4 Q recycle capabilities Provide sufficient carbon (readily biodegradable COD) Maximize use of secondary anoxic zones
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Phosphorus
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Phosphorus Removal Purpose– – – – – Reduce effluent P Biological or chemical method Reduce nutrient load on stream Reduce algae growth Reduce oxygen depletion
Application / Mechanism– Biological – Chemical
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Phosphorus Removing MechanismPO 43-
Facultative bacteria Acetate plus Substrate fermentation products Anaerobic
Energy
Acinetobacter spp. (Phosphorus Poly-P removing PHB bacteria, slow grower)
Aerobic
EnergyBOD + O2
PHB Poly-P
PO 4
3-
+CO2 + H2O
New biomass
ChangKyoo Yoo - 30
Continued …
Phosphorus Removal Biological
Q
Anaerobic Zone
Aerobic Zone
Final Clarifier
Effl
P Release
P Luxury Uptake
RAS
WAS
P RemovalChangKyoo Yoo - 31
Continued …
Phosphorus Removal ChemicalPrimary Clarifier Aerobic Zone Final Clarifier Effl
Q
Chemical Coagulant
Chemical Coagulant
RAS
WAS P Removal
ChangKyoo Yoo - 32
Effective Phosphorus Removal Size based on SRT– Typically 7 to 10 days depending on temperature
Effective Denitrification – Sufficient Anaerobic Volume (Anaerobic SRT) – Sufficient influent carbon – Competition between denitrification and phosphorous removal bacteria Sensitive to influent carbon Unstable processChangKyoo Yoo - 33
/
ChangKyoo Yoo - 34
Guidelines for Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) Process SelectionNitrogen Removal Four
Stage Bardenpho Process Modified Ludzack-Ettinger (MLE) Process
Phosphorus Removal Only A/O
Process
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal Five
Stage Bardenpho (Phoredox) Process University of Cape Town (UCT) Process Modified UCT Process Virginia Initiate Process (VIP)ChangKyoo Yoo - 35
Schematic Process Configuration for Optional OperationsMixed liquor recycle, rMixed liquor recycle, a Secondary clarifier Anaerobic Influent Effluent Sludge recycle, s Anoxic Aerobic
Phoredox process UCT process Modified UCT processChangKyoo Yoo - 36
Process Selection Based on TKN/COD ratio (Initial Screening)Nitrogen Removal TKN/COD
0.09: Bardenpho process TKN/COD 0.10: MLE process
Nitrogen and/or Phosphorus Removal TKN/COD
0.07 ~ 0.08: A/O,
A2/O, Phoredox process (modified Bardenpho) TKN/COD 0.12 ~ 0.14: UCT process TKN/COD 0.11: Modified UCT process
ChangKyoo Yoo - 37
Systematic optimization protocol for N and P removal
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Introduction WWTP are complex systems Complex models can help in:– – – – Understanding the processes Plant design Plant optimisation Plant control
In practice– Which model to choose? – How to calibrate the model? – How to optimize the processneed for calibration and optimization protocolChangKyoo Yoo - 39
Why Model-based Optimization ?Solving Problems for wwtp systemsSystem under study Optimized System
Experimenting Reality
Virtual RealityModel of the System
Simulate
Solution for the System
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The systematic optimisation protocol
Systematize and standardize the model-based optimisation using mechanistic models (ASM2d for N- P- removal) Objective oriented iterative protocol A grid of scenarios (full-factorial design) built on the basis of the degrees of freedom and the constraints of the SBR system Selection and calibration of a suitable model to describe the biological processes Simulation and evaluation of a multitude of scenarios Selection of the best scenario Implementation final evaluation
1. Objective(s) 2. Framework of the optimization 3. Model selection and calibration
4. Scenario analysis5. Evaluation of the results of scenarios 6. Implementation of the best scenario 7. Measurement campaign No Target reached? YesEND
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Plant Information
Necessary information for model calibration
Mass balance, Operating parameters (SRT, HRT, control)
Aeration Hydraulics
Model based w.w. characterizationFlowrates COD fractionation (SS, SF, XS, XI, SI)
Biomass characterizationKinetic, stoichiometric parameters Active biomass fractions
N, P fractions, TSSChangKyoo Yoo - 42
Biomass composition
Biomath calibration protocolStage II – Plant survey/data analysis Design data– Plant layout/configuration, volumes, pumps, aerators,...
Operational data– Flow rates, sludge recycle/waste, control strategies,...
Measured data– Influent/effluent characterisation (COD,TKN,PO4,NO3,...) – On-line measurements (DO,T,pH,...) – TSS (RAS and effluent), sludge age/production,...
Mass balances– Flow rate, sludge (including N P) – Important for data quality check (e.g. sludge age)ChangKyoo Yoo - 43
Case study (I) - SBR Developing a robust biological system– Detect the major sources of process disturbances as soon as possible – Useful to keep the sludge as stable as possible – Volume (80 L), SRT (10 d) and HRT (12 h), 6 hour cycle mode – Six on-line measurements (DO, ORP, pH, conductivity, temperature, weight)InfluentAnaerobi c + filling Aerobic Anoxic Aerobic Settling Draw
Concentratio n
Effluent
60ChangKyoo Yoo - 44
150
60
30
45
15
Cycle time (min)
Introduction
Both N P removal successfully demonstrated at lab-scale and full-scale SBR installations. SBR offers more flexibility in operation (compared to continuous systems) –a key aspect in process optimisation. A myriad of operating strategies to optimise nutrient removal performance in SBRs. Usually developed at lab- or pilot-scale only comparison of a few operating scenarios Increasingly, mathematical models (e.g. ASM1 for N-removal and ASM2d for N- P- removal) are used to search for the optimal operating scenario
ChangKyoo Yoo - 45
50
100
150 200 250 Time (min)
300
350
50
100
150 200 250 Time (min)
300
350
ChangKyoo Yoo - 46
Scenario analysis
Construction of grids of scenariosChoose a range and interval for the degrees of freedoms: SO-sp: [0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1,2] Vstep-feed: [0, 5, 10] TANB: [60, 70, 80] TAER: [130, 140, 150] Intermittent aeration frequency:[1, 2, 4, 8]
Full-factorial design of degrees of freedoms: total 648 scenarios Each scenario simulated for 30 days (3 X SRT)
ChangKyoo Yoo - 47
Scenario analysis
Formulation of grids of scenarios:
Configuration of intermittent aeration frequencies step-feed of influent ( )
reference
TANB Fill/anaerobic Aerobic react Anoxic react Settle Draw TAER TANX
TAER2
IAF1TS TD
TC
TANB Fill/anaerobic Aerobic react Anoxic react Settle Draw TAER/2 TANX/2 TAER/2 TANX/2
IAF2TAER2 TS TD TC
Scenario analysis
TANB Fill/anaerobic Aerobic react Anoxic react Settle Draw TANB Fill/anaerobic Aerobic react Anoxic react Settle Draw
IAF4TAER2 TS TD TC
IAF8TAER2 TS TD TC
ChangKyoo Yoo - 48
Evaluation of the scenarios
Effluent quality
Effluent quality of 648 scenarios were analysed, general conclusions: Increasing TANB improves P-removal but decreases Nremoval Increasing TAER slightly improves the nitrification but negative effect on denitrification. The SO-sp is the most critical/dictates the overall behaviour of the system. The step-feed has a positive effect on the denitrification. Increasing the intermittent aeration frequency (IAF) increases N P removal
ChangKyoo Yoo - 49
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