Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud

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Sigmund Freud (/fr??d/;[2] German pronunciation: [?zi?km?nt ?f???

father of psychoanalysis. t]; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist, psychologist and philosopher, now known as the

Freud qualified as a doctor of medicine at the University of Vienna in 1881,[3] and then carried out research into cerebral palsy, aphasia and microscopic neuroanatomy at the Vienna General Hospital.[4] Upon completing his habilitation in 1895, he was appointed a docent in neuropathology in the same year and became an affiliated professor (professor extraordinarius) in 1902.[5][6]

In creating psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst,[7] Freud developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free associationand

discovered transference, establishing its central role in the analytic process. Freud's redefinition of sexuality to include its infantile forms led him to formulate the Oedipus complex as the central tenet of psychoanalytical theory. His analysis of dreams as wish-fulfillments provided him with models for the clinical analysis of symptom

formation and the mechanisms of repression as well as for elaboration of his theory of the unconscious as an agency disruptive of conscious states of mind.[8] Freud postulated the existence of libido, an energy with which mental processes and structures are invested and which generates erotic attachments, and a death drive, the source of

repetition, hate, aggression and neuroticguilt.[9] In his later work Freud developed a wide-ranging interpretation and critique of religion and culture.

Psychoanalysis remains influential within psychotherapy, within some areas of psychiatry, and across thehumanities. As such, it continues to generate extensive and highly contested debate with regard to its therapeutic efficacy, its scientific status, and whether it advances or is detrimental to the feminist cause.[10] Nonetheless, Freud's work has suffused contemporary Western thought and popular culture. In the words of W. H. Auden's poetic tribute, by the time of Freud's death in 1939, he had become "a whole climate of opinion / under whom we conduct our different lives".[11]

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? 1 Biography 1.1 Early life and education 1.2 Early career and marriage 1.3 Development of psychoanalysis 1.4 Early followers

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? 2 Ideas 1.4.1 Resignations from the IPA 1.5 Early psychoanalytic movement 1.6 Patients 1.7 Cancer 1.8 Escape from Nazism 1.9 Death 2.1 Early work 2.2 Seduction theory 2.3 Cocaine 2.4 The Unconscious 2.5 Dreams 2.6 Psychosexual development 2.7 Id, ego and super-ego 2.8 Life and death drives 2.9 Femininity and female sexuality 2.10 Religion 3 Legacy 3.1 Psychotherapy 3.2 Science 3.3 Philosophy 3.4 Literary criticism 3.5 Feminism 4 Works 4.1 Books 4.2 Case histories 4.3 Papers on sexuality 4.4 Autobiographical papers 4.5 The Standard Edition 5 Correspondence 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links

Biography[edit]

Early life and education[edit]

Freud's birthplace, a rented room in a locksmith's house

Freud (aged 16) and his beloved[12] mother, Amalia, in 1872

Freud was born to Jewish Galician parents in the Moravian town of P?íbor (German: Freiberg in Mähren), Austrian Empire, now part of the Czech Republic, the first of their eight children.[13] His father, Jakob Freud (1815–1896), a wool merchant, had two sons, Emanuel (1833–1914) and Philipp (1836–1911), from his first marriage. Jakob's family wereHasidic Jews, and though Jakob himself had moved away from the tradition, he came to be known for his Torah study. He and Freud's mother, Amalia (née Nathansohn), 20 years her husband's junior and his third wife, were married by RabbiIsaac Noah Mannheimer on 29 July 1855.[14] They were struggling financially and living in a rented room, in a locksmith's house at Schlossergasse 117 when their son Sigmund was born.[15] He was born with a caul, which his mother saw as a positive omen for the boy's future.[16]

In 1859, the Freud family left Freiberg. Freud‘s half brothers immigrated to Manchester, England, parting him from the ―inseparable‖ playmate of his early childhood, Emanuel‘s son, John.[17] Jakob Freud took his wife and two children (Freud's sister, Anna, was born in 1858; a brother, Julius, had died in infancy) firstly to Leipzig and then in 1860 toVienna where four sisters (Rosa, Marie, Adolfine and Paula) and a brother (Alexander) were born. In 1865,

the nine-year-old Freud entered the Leopoldstädter Kommunal-Realgymnasium, a prominent high school. He proved an outstanding pupil and graduated from the Matura in 1873 with honors. He loved literature and was proficient in German, French, Italian, Spanish, English,Hebrew, Latin and Greek.[18] Freud read William Shakespeare in English throughout his life, and it has been suggested that his understanding of human psychology may have been partially derived from Shakespeare's plays.[19]

Freud entered the University of Vienna at age 17. He had planned to study law, but joined the medical faculty at the university, where his studies included philosophy under Franz Brentano, physiology under Ernst Brücke, and zoology under Darwinist professor Carl Claus.[20] In 1876 Freud spent four weeks at Claus's zoological research station in Trieste, dissecting hundreds of eels in an inconclusive search for their male reproductive organs.[21] He graduated with an MD in 1881.

Early career and marriage[edit]

In 1882, Freud began his medical career at the Vienna General Hospital. His research work in cerebral anatomy led to the publication of a seminal paper on the palliative effects of cocaine in 1884 and his work on aphasia would form the basis of his first book On the Aphasias: a Critical Study, published in 1891. Over a three-year period Freud worked in various departments of the hospital. His time spent in Theodor Meynert's psychiatric clinic and as a locum in a local asylum led to an increased interest in clinical work. His substantial body of published research led to his appointment as a University lecturer in neuropathology in 1885.[22]

In 1886, Freud resigned his hospital post and entered private practice specializing in "nervous disorders". The same year he married Martha Bernays, the granddaughter of Isaac Bernays, a chief rabbi in Hamburg. The couple had six children: Mathilde, born 1887; Jean-Martin, born 1889; Oliver, born 1891;Ernst, born 1892; Sophie, born 1893; and Anna, born 1895.

Freud's home at Berggasse 19, Vienna

In 1896, Minna Bernays, Martha Freud's sister, became a permanent member of the Freud household at Berggasse 19, after the death of her fiancé. The close relationship she formed with Freud led to rumours, started by Carl Jung, of an affair. The discovery of a Swiss hotel log of 13 August 1898, signed by Freud whilst travelling with his sister-in-law, has been adduced as evidence of the affair.[23]

Freud began smoking tobacco at age 24; initially a cigarette smoker, he became a cigar smoker. He believed that smoking enhanced his capacity to work and that he could exercise self-control in moderating it. Despite health warnings from colleague Wilhelm Fliess, he remained a smoker, eventually suffering a buccal cancer.[24] Freud